1. Native American Cultures
SS8H1 The student will evaluate the development of Native American cultures and impact of European exploration and settlement on Native American cultures in Georgia. (a, b, c)

2. Evolution of Native Cultures
Through archaeological study we have pieced together the development of native cultures that inhabited Georgia prior to European contact.
Early people are identified by cultural periods based on their hunting, eating, and group behavior.
Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian

3. Paleo Indians Earliest people (paleolithic age)
Lived until about 10,000 years ago, prior to 8000 B.C.
People lived in groups of people
Nomadic hunters that followed herds
Used wooden spears and Clovis points
Diet included bison, mammoths, ground sloths and mastodons

4. Atlatl-Sling type tool which helped natives throw spears more accurately
Arrow or spear
Atlatl
Photo by Catherine Hackney

5. Archaic Period These natives lived about 8000 B.C. to about 1000 B.C.
Hunted smaller game like deer, bear, turkey, rabbit, and fish
Used smaller spears, stone points; invented choppers, drills and other tools from deer antlers; and fish hooks from animal bones
Moved during the different seasons to collect berries, nuts and fruit
Less nomadic and began to save seeds for cultivation of plants and trees

6. Photo by Catherine Hackney

7. Woodland Indian Period
About 1000 B.C. to about 1000 A.D.
Tribes developed, several hundred families banding together.
Began to build houses or large huts
Created the bow and arrow for better hunting
Created pottery for storage of food
Diet included: squash, wild greens, sunflowers, berries, nuts, fish and game
Traded among different tribes
Burial mounds suggest religious ceremonies

8. Etowah Indian Mounds Historic Site Georgia Department of Natural Resources Cartersville, GA

9. Mississippian Period
Culture started around 700 A.D. until around 1600.
Known as Temple Mound period, lived in villages of several thousand families with guard towers and palisades
People grew most of their food, corn (maize), beans, pumpkins, squash and tobacco
Religious people with beads, tattoos, and headdresses
Photo by Catherine Hackney

10. European Contact

11. Colonization in the New World
The Spanish were the first to settle and explore Georgia
De Soto’s soldier’s kept journals of their exploration and contact with native people
Brought diseases that killed more than ½ of the native people
Created missions along the barrier islands

13. Spain (1540-1600) Wants to colonize Southeast:
God: convert “Indians” to Christianity
Gold: find riches and return to Europe
Glory: keep rival European powers from claiming the land.
(not necessarily in that order)
St. Augustine: first settlement
(military purpose) protect the
gold!

14. Spanish Missions in Georgia

15. Spanish Missions
Spain: Did not want to have civilians colonize the land: sent missionaries and soldiers (key to Spanish colonization)
Missions: church outposts/barrier islands
Franciscans (Friars): missionaries
Georgia’s coast divided into two provinces:
Guale (Wal-ee) north barrier islands
Mocama: southern islands (down to St. Marys)

16. Ruins of supposed Spanish mission, Georgia

17. Guale and Mocama
Guale: (1566) Pedro Menendez builds mission on St. Catherines Island: not entirely successful
Mocama (1580’s): spread work along GA coast
Juanillo Rebellion (1597): revolt at Guale
Friars deny Juanillo position of Chief
Revolt hurts Spanish colonization efforts

18. Explorers
Photo by Catherine Hackney

19. French (1560’s) Had explored Canada and Northern territory
Goal: Trade… Trade… Trade
1560’s: Huguenots (French Protestants) settle along the St. Johns
create Charles Fort: first European fort in the New World (fails due to famine & hardships)

20. Church at Jamestown, VA
Photo by Catherine Hackney

21. England (1600’s) Wants to claim territory in the New World
Wants to settle permanent colonies
King James I issues a charter: legal document creates Virginia Company
1607: Jamestown: first permanent English settlement in America
1600’s-1700’s: England colonizes the East Coast

22. England’s desire to compete with other countries (France and Spain) for power and glory
MERCANTILISM-Favorable balance of trade (export more than import)
-England now had a place to grow RAW MATERIALS to create goods for trade with other countries
-Bring gold and silver into the country = strong military
-England had laws to regulated this trade philosophy

23. Tobacco becomes a major cash crop

24. Freedom from Religious persecution
Refuge for reformers
Where they could practice their religion without harassment

25. Jamestown

26. Jamestown photos by Catherine Hackney

27. Review
Georgia native peoples- Paleo, Archaic, Woodland and Mississippian
European Colonization- Spain, France, England
St. Augustine is oldest Spanish settlement
Jamestown is oldest English settlement in North America