1. Prepared by: Andrew Owusu Ph.D. © 2011 Cengage Higher Education An Invitation to Health Chapter 12: Alcohol Use, Misuse, and Abuse

2. Chapter 12 Objectives  Define a standard drink.  Describe symptoms of alcohol poisoning and state what you should do if someone exhibits any of the symptoms.  Describe the impact of alcohol misuse among college students, and define binge drinking.  List the effects of alcohol on the body systems.  Evaluate your drinking habits and list any health risks you are taking.  Define alcohol abuse, dependence, and alcoholism, and list their symptoms.

3. Who Should Not Drink? Anyone younger than 21. Anyone who plans to drive, operate motorized equipment or engage in other activities that require alertness and skill. Women who are pregnant or trying to become pregnant. Individuals taking certain over-the-counter or prescription medications. People with medical conditions that can be made worse by alcohol. Recovering alcoholics.

4. Why People Drink Inherited susceptibility Childhood traumas Depression Relationship issues Psychological factors Self-medication Social ease Role models Advertising

5. Drinking on Campus No access Parental pressure Peer pressure Underage Costs Religious reasons Unpleasant taste Why Students Don’t Drink

6. Drinking on Campus Why Students Drink  Social norms  Party schools  Living arrangements  Celebrations  Participation in sports  Parental approval  First-year transition  Positive expectations  Coping

7. High-Risk Drinking on Campus  Binge Drinking  Men: 5 or more alcoholic drinks at a single sitting.  Women: 4 or more alcoholic drinks at a single sitting.  Predrinking  Consuming alcoholic beverages before going out to bars or parties.  Underage Drinking

8. Why Do Students Binge Drink? Recreational drinking at a young age Low price of alcohol Parental acceptance of drinking Peer pressure and drinking games Residing with binge drinkers Easy access to alcohol Binge Drinking Men: 5+ alcoholic drinks Women: 4+ alcoholic drinks

9. Consequences of Drinking Atypical behavior Academic problems Risky sexual behavior Sexual assault Unintentional injury Consequences beyond college Illness and death

10. How to Prevent Drunk Driving  Designate a driver.  Never get behind the wheel if you have had two or more drinks within two hours.  Never let intoxicated friends drive home.

11. Changing Drinking Patterns on Campus  Social norms  Motivational enhancement  Freshman education  E-interventions  Alcohol policies

12. Understanding Alcohol  Ethyl Alcohol/Ethanol  The intoxicating agent in alcoholic beverages.  Proof  The alcoholic strength of a distilled spirit, expressed as twice the percentage of alcohol present.  Blood-Alcohol Concentration (BAC)  The amount of alcohol in the blood, expressed as a percentage.

13. How Many Standard Drinks Are You Drinking?

14. Understanding Blood Alcohol Concentrations (BAC)  BAC Levels  0.08 percent  The legal limit.  The BAC that a 150-pound man would have after consuming about three mixed drinks within an hour.  0.20 percent  the individual may pass out.  0.30 percent  the individual may go into coma.  0.40 percent  the individual may die.

15. Alcohol Impairment Chart

18. Factors Affecting An Individual’s BAC How much and how quickly you drink What you’re drinking Your size Your gender Your age Your race Other drugs Family history of alcoholism Eating Expectations Physical tolerance

19. Alcohol Intoxication  Signs:  Slurred speech, poor coordination, unsteady gait, abnormal eye movements, impaired attention or memory, stupor, or coma.  Medical Risks:  Falls, hypothermia in cold climates, and increased risk of infections.

20. Alcohol Poisoning  Signs:  Mental confusion, stupor, coma, vomiting, seizures, slow breathing, irregular breathing, and hypothermia.  Potential Complications:  Cardiac arrest, permanent brain damage, or death.

21. The Impact Of Alcohol Some Interesting Facts  Alcohol in a typical drink reaches the bloodstream in 15 minutes and rises to peak concentration in about 1 hour.  Alcohol only leaves the body after metabolism by the liver.  Alcohol is a diuretic, a drug that speeds up the elimination of fluid from the body.  Alcohol lowers body temperature.

22. The Effects of Alcohol Abuse On The Body

23. Race and Gender

24. Alcohol and Race African-American Community Native American Community Hispanic Community Asian-American Community

25. Defining Alcohol Problems  Alcohol Abuse  Continued use of alcohol despite awareness of social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems related to its use  Use of alcohol in dangerous ways or situations, such as before driving.  Alcohol Dependence  Development of a strong craving for alcohol due to the pleasurable feelings or relief of stress or anxiety produced by drinking.

26. Defining Alcohol Problems  Alcoholism  A chronic, progressive, potentially fatal disease characterized by impaired control of drinking, a preoccupation with alcohol, continued use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distorted thinking, most notably denial.

27. What Causes Alcohol Dependence and Abuse? Genetics Stress and traumatic experiences Parental alcoholism Drug abuse

28. Medical Complications of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence Liver Disease Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Vitamin Deficiencies Digestive Problems Accidents & Injuries Higher Mortality Brain Damage Normal Liver Cirrhosis

29. Alcoholism Treatments  Detoxification  Delirium tremens (DTs)  Medications  Antianxiety and antidepressive drugs  Disulfiram (Antabuse)  Inpatient and Residential Treatment  Outpatient Treatment  Behavioral interventions  Moderation training  12 step self-help programs  Harm reduction therapy  Recovery

30. If Someone Close to You Drinks Too Much Try to remain calm, unemotional, and factually honest in speaking about the drinker’s behavior. Discuss the situation with someone you trust. Never cover up or make excuses for the drinker, or shield him or her from the consequences of drinking. Refuse to ride with the drinker if he or she is driving while intoxicated. Encourage new interests and participate in leisure-time activities that the drinker enjoys. Try to accept setbacks and relapses calmly.

31. Responsible Drinking  Set a limit on the number of drinks consumed.  When you’re mixing a drink, measure the alcohol.  Alternate nonalcoholic and alcoholic drinks.  Drink slowly.  Eat before and while drinking.  Develop alternatives to drinking.  Avoid tasks requiring skilled reactions during or after drinking.  Don’t encourage or reinforce others’ irresponsible behavior.