1. EE 104: Introduction to Communications Professor Andrea Goldsmith

2. Outline Course Information and Policies Communication Systems Today Future Systems Design Challenges

3. Course Information (see web or handout for more details) Instructor: Andrea Goldsmith, Packard 371, andrea@ee, Ext: 56932, OHs: W 11am-12pm, Th 5:30-6:30. Class Homepage: www.stanford.edu/class/ee104 TAs: Jaron Charles, jcharles@stanford, OHs: Th 7-9pm, Email W 8:30-9:30pmjcharles@stanford Nikola Stikov, nikola@stanford, OHs: F 11am-1pm, Email Th 6-7pmnikola@stanford Class mailing list: ee104-students (automatic for registered students), ee104-staff for instructor/TAs, guest list available Discussion Section: W 6:15-7:15pm; not televised Book: An Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications Grading: HWs 30%, Midterm 30%, Final 40% No Lectures Jan. 15 and Feb. 24 Other lectures that week start at 12:50pm, or can schedule makeups

4. Class Policies Exam policy: Exams must be taken at their scheduled times. Exceptions only in very rare circumstances. Midterm: 2/12 from 12:30-2:05 Final: 3/20 from 8:30-11:30am. HW policy: Assigned Friday, due following Friday. Lose 25% credit per day late. Up to 3 students can collaborate on 1 writeup. All collaborators must work out all problems. SITN students: HWs must be faxed or postmarked by HW deadline for regular students. Exceptions must be cleared in advance. Exams must be taken at same time as for regular students.

5. Communication Systems Provide for electronic exchange of multimedia data Voice, data, video, music, email, web pages, etc. Communication Systems Today Radio and TV broadcasting (covered later in the course) Public Switched Telephone Network (voice,fax,modem) Cellular Phones Computer networks (LANs, WANs, and the Internet) Satellite systems (pagers, voice/data, movie broadcasts) Bluetooth

6. PSTN Design Local exchange Handles local calls Routes long distance calls over high-speed lines Circuit switched network tailored for voice Faxes and modems modulate data for voice channel DSL uses advanced modulation to get 1.5 Mbps Local Switching Office (Exchange) Local Switching Office (Exchange) Long Distance Lines (Fiber) Local Line (Twisted Pair) Fax Modem

7. Cellular System Basics Geographic region divided into cells Frequencies/timeslots/codes reused at spatially-separated locations (analog systems use FD, digital use TD or CD) Co-channel interference between same color cells. Handoff and control coordinated through cell base stations BASE STATION

8. Cell Phone Backbone Network BS MTSO PSTN MTSO BS San Francisco New York Internet

9. Local Area Networks (LANs) LANs connect “local” computers Breaks data into packets Packet switching (no dedicated channels) Proprietary protocols (access,routing, etc.) 01011011 1011 0101 1011 01011011

10. Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) WLANs connect “local” computers (100m range) Breaks data into packets Channel access is shared (random access) Backbone Internet provides best-effort service 01011011 Internet Access Point 0101 1011

11. Wide Area Networks: The Internet Many LANs and MANs bridged together Universal protocol: TCP/IP (packet based). Guaranteed rates or delays cannot be provided. Hard to support user mobility. Highly scalable and flexible topology 01011011 Internet 1011 0101 Bridge MAN LAN Satellite and Fiber Lines Bridge LAN

12. Satellite Systems Cover very large areas Different orbit heights Geosynchronous (GEO) versus low earth orbit (LEO) Optimized for one-way transmission Paging, radio and movie broadcast Most two-way systems struggling or bankrupt Expensive alternative to terrestrial system A few ambitious systems on the horizon

13. Bluetooth Cable replacement for electronic devices Cell phones, laptops, PDAs, etc. Short range connection (10-100 m) 1 data ( 721 Kbps ) and 3 voice ( 56 Kbps ) channels Rudimentary networking capabilities

14. Future Systems Nth Generation Cellular Nth Generation WLANs Nth Generation Internet Wireless Entertainment Sensor Networks Smart Homes/Appliances Automated Cars/Factories Telemedicine/Learning All this and more… Ubiquitous Communication Among People and Devices

15. Design Challenges Hardware Design Precise components Small, lightweight, low power Cheap High frequency operation System Design Converting and transferring information High data rates Robust to noise and interference Supports many users Network Design Worldwide anywhere any-time connectivity Speed

16. Main Points Communication systems send information electronically over communication channels Many different types of systems which convey many different types of information Design challenges include hardware, system, and network issues Communication systems recreate transmitted information at receiver with high fidelity Focus of this class is design and performance of analog and digital communication systems