1. Euro NCAP 28 june 2005 Whiplash injury epidemiology and effectiveness of whiplash prevention systems. Maria Krafft Folksam Sweden

2. Correlation crash severity and duration whiplash symptoms Crash test with car seats The effectiveness of whiplash prevention systems based on real life collisions Rear impacts

3. All rear-end impacts 35% initial symptoms 10% Permanent disability

4. Real-life crashes with ”black boxes” Car models –Corolla 93-97 + 98-01 + 02-> –Yaris –Avensis No previous whiplash injury No multiple collisions

5. Example Delta-V 26 km/h Mean acc 5.6 g Peak acc 12.6 g Whiplash symptoms > 6 m WAD grade 3 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 100150 Acc (g) DV (km/h) Time (ms)

6. Numbers of drivers and front seat passengers with different duration of symptoms DriverFSPTotal All15057207 Uninjured9834132 Symptoms < 1m341751 1m<symptoms<6m7 ** 07 Symptoms > 6m11 * 6*6* 17 * One lumbar spine injury ** Two thoracic spine injuries

7. Change of velocity

8. Mean acceleration

9. Injury risk in intervals of change of velocity for occupants with initial and long-term symptoms

10. Injury risk in intervals of mean acceleration for occupants with initial and long-term symptoms

11. Assessment of whiplash injury risk Sled test of car seats 3 crash severities/seat 3 dummy readings (NIC, Nkm and rebound)

12. Nissan Primera 24 km/h Opel Meriva 24 km/h

13. Results 2003 5,1 - 10,0 points Audi A4 Yellow ( 5,5 points ) Peugeot 307 Yellow ( 8,4 points ) Renault Megane Yellow ( 9,9 points ) Skoda Fabia Yellow ( 7,5 points ) Toyota Corolla Model year 1993 Yellow (6,8 points) With after market whiplash system 10,1 - 15,0 points BMW 3-serie Red ( 11,3 points ) Mercedes C-class Red ( 10,6 points ) Opel Astra(Standard) Red ( 12,1 points ) VW Polo Red ( 11,1 points ) Toyota Corolla Model year 1993 Red (10,7 points) No whiplash protection system 0 - 5,0 points Ford Mondeo Green ( 2,6 points ) Opel Astra(Optional) Green ( 4,7 points ) Saab 9-3 Green+ ( 0,9 points ) Toyota Corolla Green ( 3,0 points ) Volvo V70 Green+ ( 0,0 points ) Best Pick

14. Results 2004 Best Pick

15. Results 2005

16. All rear-end impacts 35% initial symptoms 10% Permanent disability

17. Whiplash Medical permanent disability 1999-04 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 No whiplash prot.Cars with effective whiplash protection Proportion of disabilities (%) 168/ 3005 7/ 289

18. Effect of Volvo and Saab whiplash protection systems (WHIPS and SAHR) Cars without whiplash protection systems (15 892 crashes) Cars with whiplash protection systems (1813 crashes) Saab 9000Saab 9-5 Saab 900 93-97Saab 9-3 Volvo S40/V40 96-99Volvo S40/V40 00- Volvo 850Volvo S80 Volvo V70/S70 98-00

19. Average injury reducing effect of whiplash systems in Volvo and Saab cars (Whips and SAHR) 40% (+/- 21%) lower risk for whiplash injury with symptoms for more than 6 months

20. Summary New whiplash protective systems good effect Injury criteria mirror whiplash injury risk Consumer tests urgent