1. Biodiversity

2. Biodiversity is the genetic, species and ecological variation of the organisms in a given area.

3. Charles Darwin Diversity can be explained by the Theory of Evolution

4. Genetic diversity produces phenotypic diversity

5. Niche specialization can lead to  tailed frog: only in cold, clear mountain streams sensitive to siltation, warming leopard frog: found in lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, wetlands Species Diversity

7. Giant kelp bed Close to the surface On the bottom

8. Tropical Rainforest Deciduous Forest

9. Artificial Selection has a Goal Natural Selection does not

11. What is the relationship between diversity and ecological stability. Method of Study Two test plots one with alot of diversity the other with little diversity. Monitor stability (interspecific competition) over time in stress without stress Must ask question Is the type of species important

12. High Biodiversity implies many different species High Biomass has a lot of organisms irregardless of type. If total weight taken it could be quite high.

13. Biodiversity is due to or affects the following –G–Genetic Diversity: A measure of the variety of different versions of the same genes within individual species –S–Species Diversity: Describes the number of different kinds of organisms within individual communities or ecosystems –E–Ecological Diversity: Assesses the richness and complexity of a biological community

14. nAnA species is all the organisms of the same kind able to breed in nature and produce live, fertile offspring

15. How Many Species Are There? nTnThere are about 2.1 million species presently known, which is a small fraction of the total that probably exists n1n10-15% of the world’s species live in North America and Europe nTnThe centers of greatest biodiversity tend to be in the tropics

17. Drugs and Medicines nCnCertain anticancer alkaloids are derived from the Madagascar periwinkle 13.5

19. Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits nNnNature appreciation is economically important nEnExistence Value: The knowledge that a species exists –T–This may be reason enough to protect and preserve it

20. What Threatens Biodiversity? nEnExtinction: The elimination of a species –T–This is a natural process n9n99% of all species that ever existed are now extinct

21. Habitat Destruction nHnHabitat fragmentation divides populations into isolated groups that are vulnerable to catastrophic events 13.8

23. Hunting and Fishing nOnOver harvesting is responsible for depletion or extinction of many species nSnSteam ships and explosive harpoons have made it possible to catch and kill even the fastest whales 13.11

25. Commercial Products and Live Specimens nAnA variety of commercial products are obtained from nature nSnSmuggling of furs, hides, horns, live specimens, and folk medicines amounts to millions of dollars each year

26. Predator and Pest Control nSnSome animals have been greatly reduced because they are regarded as dangerous to humans or livestock or because they compete with our use of resources

27. Exotic Species Introductions nEnExotic species are considered to be among the most damaging agents of habitat alteration and degradation in the world nAnAlien species from around the world now threaten native species throughout the Great Lakes 13.17

29. Diseases nPnPathogens may also be considered predators –T–To be successful, a pathogen must establish a balance in which it can reproduce, but does not destroy its host –D–Dutch elm disease caused towns to lose all of their trees

30. Pollution nTnToxic pollutants can have disastrous effects on local population of organisms nLnLead pellets have been ingested by bottom feeding waterfowl, which ultimately results in lead poisoning

31. Genetic Assimilation nGnGenetic Assimilation: The disappearance of a species as its genes are diluted through crossbreeding with a closely relate species nHnHatchery raised trout often are introduced into streams and lakes where they genetically dilute indigenous stocks

32. The Endangered Species Act nEnEndangered Species: Species considered to be in imminent danger of extinction nTnThreatened Species: Species that have declined significantly in total numbers and may be on the verge of extinction in certain localities nVnVulnerable Species: Species that are naturally rare or have been depleted by human activities to a level that puts them at risk

33. Recovery Programs nSnSpecies Recovery Plan: Describes how species can be restored to numbers that permit its delisting from the endangered species list

34. Minimum Viable Populations nInIsland Biogeograghy: A species composed of a small number of individuals can undergo catastrophic declines due to environmental change, genetic problems, or random events when isolated in a limited geographic range. nFnFounder Effect: Occurs when a few individuals establish a new population

35. nDnDemographic Bottleneck: Arises when only a few individuals survive some catastrophe nGnGenetic Drift: A reduction in gene frequency in a population due to unequal reproductive success nInInbreeding: Mating of closely related individuals resulting in recessive deleterious mutations

36. Habitat Protection nInIn Hawaii, where more than 50% of the land is federally owned, many vegetation types occur completely outside of natural preserves 13.23 nGnGap Analysis: Wildlife managers and conservationists look for unprotected landscapes that are rich in species

38. Captive Breeding and Species Survival Plans nMnMost mammals in North American zoos are produced by captive breeding programs instead of being captured in the wild