2. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 1 Biopsychology Chapter 2 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7

3. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 2 Core Concept 2-1 Evolution has shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior.

4. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 3 Charles Darwin First described theory of evolution Discovered evidence for natural selection

5. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 4 Darwin’s Theory Never said man evolved from monkey Rather, we share a common ancestor

6. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 5 Basis of evolution Fittest of species “selected” to survive and reproduce Survival-promoting traits passed to next generation

7. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 6 Genetics Chromosomes Genes DNA

8. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 7 Genes and Inheritance Physical traits inherited Intelligence, personality, and some mental disorders are influenced by genetics

9. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 8 Core Concept 2-2 Both the nervous system and the endocrine system use chemical messengers to communicate with targets throughout the body.

10. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 9 Nervous System Network of nerve cells in body

11. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 10 The Organization of the Nervous System Nervous system Peripheral nervous system Central nervous system (CNS) Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

12. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 11 Peripheral Nervous System

13. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 12 Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System

14. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 13 Neurons Nerve Cells Basic unit of the nervous system “Linked” together

15. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 14 Types of Neurons Sensory neurons-to CNS from senses Motor neurons-to muscles and glands from CNS Interneurons-relay messages

16. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 15 Structure of a Neuron Dendrites Soma Axon Myelin Sheath Terminal Buttons

17. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 16 The Structure of a Neuron

18. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 17 Neural Impulse Electrical surge that carries the neuron’s message

19. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 18 Neural Impulse

20. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 19 Neurotransmitters Chemicals that relay neural message across the synapse

21. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 20 Seven Important Neurotransmitters Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins

22. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 21 Serotonin Involved in mood, sleep, appetite, sex Imbalance- depression and anxiety

23. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 22 Serotonin and Depression SSRI-prevent the “reuptake” of serotonin Prozac-effective antidepressant Side-effects-weight gain, low sex drive

24. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 23 Brain Areas Affected by SSRIs

25. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 24 Other SSRI Medications

26. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 25 The Endocrine System (the body’s chemical messenger system)

27. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 26 Endocrine System Glands-secrete hormones into blood Hormones circulate through body Control growth, development, reproduction Maintain internal body functioning and energy

28. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 27 Core Concept 2-3 The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior.

29. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 28 Trephining

30. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 29 Trephining

31. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 30 Phrenology

32. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 31 Phineas Gage

33. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 32 “Windows” into the Brain Images of brain structures or functioning Allow the study of the brain Also used as medical tests in diagnosis

34. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 33 EEG

35. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 34 CT Scan

36. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 35 MRI

37. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 36 PET Scan

38. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 37 The Human Brain at Home

39. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 38 The Brain Layers Lobes Hemispheres

40. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 39 Layers of Brain Hindbrain Midbrain Forebrain

41. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 40 Hindbrain Brain stem and cerebellum Vital functions- breathing, etc.

42. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 41 Midbrain Limbic System including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala Emotion, motivation, memory

43. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 42 Forebrain Cerebrum including cortex Higher cognitive functions such as reasoning, planning, problem-solving

44. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 43 Cerebrum Top of the brain Covered by cortex “Folds” of tissue Thicker in humans than any animal

45. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 44 Lobes of Brain

46. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 45 Occipital Lobe At base of skull Vision

47. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 46 Temporal Lobe At the temples, above the ears Hearing

48. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 47 Parietal Lobe At the top of the skull Sensory-motor

49. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 48 Sensory-Motor Cortex

50. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 49 Frontal Lobe Just behind the forehead Higher cognitive functions-problem solving, judgment, impulse control

51. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 50 Hemispheres of Brain

52. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 51 Contralateral Motor Functioning

53. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 52 Handedness

54. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 53 Handedness and Hemisphere Functioning

55. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 54 Visual Fields

56. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 55 Specialization of the Cerebral Hemispheres Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere Verbal Abilities Analytical and Logical Thinking Part to Whole Thinking Abstract Thinking Nonverbal Abilities Visual-spatial Thinking Whole to Part Thinking Concrete Thinking

57. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 56 Brain Damage and Behavior