1. Registers and Counters
EE 208 – Logic Design
Chapter 6
Registers and Counters
Sohaib Majzoub

2. Latches, Flip-flops and Registers
A latch is an asynchronous memory device.
Two kind of latches: SR-Latch and D-Latch.
SR-Latch, Set/Reset Latch, 11 is an illegal state:
D-Latch, Data Latch, eliminates the 11 state
but reduces
the number
of inputs to one

3. Latches, Flip-flops and Registers
A Flip-flop is a synchronous device with clock input.
It combines two latches (whether SR or D) together using different configurations
Four kinds of flip-flops: SR, D, JK, and T.
SR: has some problems such as 00 and 11 cases, and pulse triggered and not edge triggered.
SR stores last even while clock is high, in case of more than one event it records the last event.

4. Latches, Flip-flops and Registers
DFF: eliminate the 00 and 11 cases, and uses edge triggered clock, a better event triggering method.
DFF has one data input, might be limited for a certain applications.
Master-Slave JK: uses SR as base flop, eliminating 00 and 11 cases but still plus triggered.
Edge Triggered JK: uses DFF as base flop, eliminating the 00 and 11 cases and uses edge triggered.

5. Latches, Flip-flops and Registers
JK, both Master/Slave and Edge Triggered, implements additional toggle state when both inputs are 1.
T flip-flop, toggle flip-flop: uses DFF (QN used as a feedback to the input of DFF), or uses edge triggered JK with a fixed logic one at both inputs.

6. Latches, Flip-flops and Registers
A register is a group of flip-flops along with control gates for holding binary information.
Each flip-flop can hold a one bit of information.
An n-bit binary information requires an n number of flip-flops.
The control gates used to control the read and writing operation to the flip-flops.

7. DFF as Storing Device
The simplest form of registers is a group of flip-flops with no external/control gates.
At the rise of each clock signal a new binary information is stored in the flip-flops.
May need to gate the clock ( and the input) if need to keep the same stored value over more than one cycle.

8. Registers (using DFF)
DFF has one input => limitation, requires a feedback to implement load signal.
Adding an enable (or load) control to a DFF uses the feedback signal to reload Q.
When EN line is at logic 0 => previous output is load again at the input.
When EN line is at logic 1 => a new input is stored in the Register

9. Registers (using SR)
Using SR flip-flop might give a better control to keep the same stored data for more than one cycle.
The data will be loaded into the register only if the load signal is activated.
Pulse triggered and not edge triggered.

10. Registers (Using JK)
Edge Triggered register need a JK and cannot be implemented using SR.

11. Shift Registers
A shift register is an n-bit register with capability of shifting its stored data by one bit position at each clock cycle.
One of the most important application of shift registers is: serial-in/parallel-out (serial-to-parallel conversion), parallel-in/serial-out (parallel-to-serial conversion).

12. Serial-In Parallel-Out Shift Register

13. Parallel-In Serial-Out Shift Register

14. Parallel-In Parallel-Out Shift Register

15. Princess Sumaya University
Digital Logic Design
Serial Addition

16. Universal or Bidirectional Shift Register
A CLR control to clear the register to zero.
A CLK input for clock pulses to synchronize all operations.
A shift-right control to enable the shift-right operation and the serial input and output lines associated with the shift right.
A shift-left control to enable the shift-left operation and the serial input and output lines associated with the shift left.
A parallel load control to enable a parallel transfer and the n input lines associated with the parallel transfer.
n parallel output lines.

17. Universal Shift Register

18. Universal Shift Register

19. Serial-to-Parallel Conversion

20. Serial-to-Parallel Conversion

21. Counters
The name counter is usually used for any clocked sequential system whose state diagram contains a single cycle.
The modulus of the counter is the number of states in the cycle.
An m-counter is a modulo m counter

22. Ripple Counter
An n-bit binary counter uses n TFF that can produce 2n states.
The counter will start counting starting from 0 upwards to 2n – 1: ,1,2,…, 2n – 1, then it will restart to zero after reaching 2n – 1.
This counter is called ripple because the clock ripple from the least significant bit to the most significant bit.
Example: 4-bit ripple counter:
0000,0001,0010,0011,0100,0101,0110,0111,1000, 1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111.

23. Ripple Counter

24. Synchronous Counters
Ripple counter is very slow counter (clock ripples through all flops).
A synchronous counter connects all of its flip-flop clock inputs to the same common CLK signal. (all the flip-flop outputs change at the same time).
An enable line should be used, the output toggles only in EN is 1.

25. Synchronous Binary Counter
Serial enabled counter Start counting when count EN is 1 (CNTEN=1) EN0 = CNTEN EN1 = Q0*CNTEN EN2 = Q1*EN1 EN3 = Q2*EN2

26. Synchronous Binary Counter
Enable line signals are shifted because of gate delay

27. Synchronous Binary Counter
Serial enabled counter Start counting when count EN is 1 (CNTEN=1) EN0 = CNTEN EN1 = Q0*CNTEN EN2 = Q1*Q0*CNTEN EN3 = Q2*Q1*Q0*CNTEN