1. Respiration! Cellular

2. Cellular Respiration Purpose: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other foods in the presence of oxygen – (In most cases – we can also make energy WITHOUT oxygen)

3. Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is also known as aerobic respiration - this means it uses oxygen – Anaerobic respiration – does NOT use oxygen

4. Aerobic: process which requires oxygen

5. Respiration Equation 6 O 2 + 1 C 6 H 12 O 6  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP 6 _____+ 1 ____ (glucose)  6 ____ + 6 ____+ 36 ATP carbon dioxide water sugar oxygen (energy) _____

6. Chemical Energy and ATP A T P (adenosine triphosphate) is the main chemical compound in cells that stores and releases energy

7. How does it work? ADP is ATP with one less phosphate Energy is stored in the bond between the three phosphates ATP must lose a phosphate to become ADP

8. How does it work? When the phosphate bond is broken, energy is released – Like breaking a glow stick or a hot/cold pack

9. How does it work? *[ATP] breaks down to [ADP + Phosphate] and releases energy to carry out life processes

10. Why do we need ATP? ATP is “energy currency” in the cell When ATP breaks down into ADP, it provides energy for cellular processes: – Making proteins – Energy for photosynthesis – Active transport

11. Why do we need ATP? Our cells store a limited amount of ATP – only enough for a short period of activity cells regenerate ATP from ADP as needed ***like recharging and using a cell phone

12. Cellular Respiration Purpose: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other foods in the presence of oxygen – (In most cases – we can also make energy WITHOUT oxygen)

13. Respiration Equation 6 O 2 + 1 C 6 H 12 O 6  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP 6 _____+ 1 ____ (glucose)  6 ____ + 6 ____+ 36 ATP carbon dioxide water sugar oxygen (energy) _____

14. Where do the reactants come from? 1. Glucose (sugar) comes from the foods we eat (or in the case of plants… they make their own food)

15. Where do the reactants come from? 2. Oxygen comes from the air/atmosphere

16. Where does cellular respiration occur? Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria of both plant and animal cells

18. Cellular Respiration Starts with Glycolysis (process producing ATP molecules) It then goes in one of two directions depending on whether oxygen is available. If O 2 is available -> Krebs cycle … Electron transport chain (all aerobic) If O 2 is NOT available -> Fermentation (anaerobic)

19. Stages of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis 1. Glycolysis Occurs in the cytoplasmOccurs in the cytoplasm A very fast, anaerobic process of “splitting glucose”A very fast, anaerobic process of “splitting glucose” Produces 2 ATP molecules overallProduces 2 ATP molecules overall

21. Stages of Cellular Respiration IF OXYGEN IS PRESENT… 2.Kreb’s Cycle Occurs in the mitochondriaOccurs in the mitochondria Aerobic processAerobic process 3.Electron Transport Chain Occurs in the mitochondriaOccurs in the mitochondria

26. Stages of Cellular Respiration IF OXYGEN IS NOT PRESENT 2.Fermentation Anaerobic respiration occursAnaerobic respiration occurs

27. Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) Releasing energy from food by producing ATP without oxygen 2 types of fermentation 1) alcoholic fermentation (plants, bacteria) -produces alcohol and CO 2 2) lactic acid fermentation (animals) -produced in muscles during rapid exercise…

28. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration, or fermentation, takes place in the cytoplasm

29. Anaerobic Respiration It is a different way to make ATP compared to aerobic respiration because it DOES NOT use oxygen.

30. Glycolysis only makes: Glycolysis only makes: 2 ATP2 ATP Lactic acidLactic acid - Toxic (harmful to cells)

31. Plants are different…

32. Plants don’t make lactic acid…

33. For plants, fermentation makes…

34. Alcohol (which is why it’s called alcoholic fermentation…)

35. 2 Types of Fermentation 1.alcoholic fermentation – Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide

36. 2 Types of Fermentation 1.alcoholic fermentation Example: used by yeast cells. When they run out of oxygen, they give off CO 2 – this causes bread dough to rise.

37. Remember… Remember… Glycolysis only makes:Glycolysis only makes: 2 ATP2 ATP Lactic acidLactic acid - Toxic (harmful to cells)

38. 2 Types of Fermentation 2) lactic acid fermentation – During rapid exercise, oxygen isn’t supplied fast enough to the muscles – Muscles must produce their own ATP by lactic acid fermentation

39. Ex. of Lactic acid fermentation

40. 2 Types of Fermentation lactic acid fermentation – Lactic acid is toxic (it makes your muscles sore)

41. Comparing Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Takes place in the mitochondria Takes place in the cytoplasm

42. Comparing Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Produces LOTS of ATP Very little ATP produced

43. Comparing Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Endurance Used for short bursts of energy

44. Comparing Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration No harmful effects or toxins produced Produces lactic acid (toxic)

45. Comparing Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Much more efficient Less efficient

46. Anaerobic Respiration ***You get WAY more ATP from aerobic respiration than you do from anaerobic respiration (fermentation). Fermentation is mostly used to provide organisms with short-term bursts of energy when oxygen is not available.