1. CHAP 5 AND 6 THE STAR MEANS INFO. YOU NEED TO KNOW The Marine Microbial World and Multicellular Primary Producers

2. Classification: The Three Domains Domain Archaea – Includes newly discovered cell types – Contains 1 kingdom – the Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria – Includes other members of old kingdom Monera – Has 1 kingdom – the Eubacteria Domain Eukarya – Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made up of eukaryotic cells – Protista (debated/changing) – Fungi – Animalia – Plantae Prokaryotes: -No Nucleus Eukaryotes: DNA in nucleus

3. Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla Phyla are subdivided into classes Classes are subdivided into orders Orders are subdivided into families Families are divided into genera Genus contain closely related species Species is unique Categories within Kingdoms

4. Marine Microbes and Primary Producers Prokaryotes  Bacteria  Archae Unicellular Algae  Diatoms  Dinoflagellates Protozoans  Formaniferans  Radiolarians  Ciliates Fungi Multicellular Algae  Red-Rhodophyta  Green-Chlorophyta  Brown-Phaeophyta Flowering Plants  True Plants  Seagrass  Salt Tolerant  Mangroves  Salt marsh grass

5. Prokaryotes = “before nucleus” 2 Domains, 1 Kingdom each:  Bacteria and Archaea (more closely related to Eukaryotes) Simplest and oldest life forms Cell wall, cell membranes No membrane bound organelles DNA not in a nucleus Great metabolic diversity

6. Prokaryotes: Life Processes Various ways to obtain energy  Autotrophs –  “Self feeders”  Use light or chemicals to create own energy Photosynthesis (light) or Chemosynthesis (chemicals) Light, Hydrogen Sulfide, Ammonium, Nitrate, Iron, etc.  Heterotrophs –  Cannot make their own food/energy  must eat/ingest to get their food/energy

7. Prokaryotes: Life Processes Various ways to break down and release this energy =Respiration Aerobic  Organic matter broken down using oxygen to release energy Anaerobic  Organic matter broken down in the absence of oxygen

8. Bacteria Most abundant form of life on earth! Ensure the recycling of nutrients in detritis (VERY important!) Live in open water and sea floor, everywhere Accumulate on the ocean floor  Large masses=marine snow

9. Bacteria reproduction B acteria reproduces by a process called binary fission. Binary Fission is where the bacterial cell divides into 2 cells that look the same as the original cell.  Can reproduce every 20 minutes.

10. Ecosystem Significance Human Impact Break down organic material into nutrients for other organisms to use Cause diseases in marine animals Phytoplankton blooms Disease in humans Food spoilage Respiratory issues, rash. Toxins stored in shellfish, then humans eat it. Significance of Bacteria

11. Other Significance of Bacteria Symbiotic Bacteria = associates with other organisms closely.  Parasites-harmful  Beneficial, Live in a host organism Examples of Beneficial  Wood-Digesting Bacteria in wood eating organisms  Bioluminescence: attract mates, lure prey, communicate Examples of Parasitic  Some toxic

12. Ex: Cyanobacteria Photosynthetic Most abundant photosythetic org. in ocean  Prob. 1 st on planet  Accumulated oxygen for Earth’s early atmosphere Many pigments to help capture light  Chlorophyll-green  Phycocyanin-blue  Phycoerythrin-red Form stromatolites mainly cyanobacteria 2.8 bya in fossil record

13. Cyanobacteria & Red Tide Unpredictable, unsure of cause. Massive blooms of phytoplankton  Caused by cyanobacteria, dinoflagelletes, diatoms Harms marine life: -cuts fish gills, deplete oxygen levels, some poisonous/toxic Harms humans -toxic fumes cause sore throats, respiratory issues, eating marine life that stores these toxins-harmful/deadly

14. Red Tide Fig 2. A series of phytoplankton blooms. A cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) in the Baltic Sea (upper left). Red tide bloom (dinoflagellate) in the Sea of Japan (upper right). Cyanobacterial bloom in the St John’s River Estuary, Florida (lower left). Cyanobacteria- chlorophyte bloom in New Zealand (lower right)

15. Archaea  Ancient organisms – fossils found that date back 3.8 billion years  Extremophiles – Found in extreme environments like hydrothermal vents and salt flats (two very extreme environments)  Variety of metabolic types  Widely distributed in the marine community  They can tolerate wide ranges in temperature, salinity and even desiccation (drying out)

16. Unicellular Algae (Alga, sing.) Eukaryotes-Protists (some animal-like/some plant-like)  Membrane bound organelles = “little organs”  Have a nucleus containing DNA Unicellular Cell Wall  silicon in diatoms; cellulose in dinoflagellates Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic Often animal-like  Flagella  Some heterotrophs

17. Diatoms  Photosynthetic  Around half of the 12,000 known species are marine  Yellow-brown from photosynthetic pigments  Shell of silica  Most important primary producer on Earth  Oxygen & Bottom of the food chain  Mostly solitary and unicellular, but some colonial

18. Diatoms Used as filtration aid Mild abrasive in products including toothpaste Mechanical insecticide  Diatomaceous Earth absorbent for liquids Cat litter

19. Dinoflagellates  Most 1,200 species live in marine environment  Mostly photosynthetic, some can ingest particles  Each species has unique shape reinforced by plates of cellulose  Two flagella in grooves on body for motion  Some are bioluminescent, produce light

20. Zooxanthellae The corals and algae have a mutualistic relationship. The coral provides Zooxan. with a protected environment and compounds they need for photosynthesis. The Zooxan. produce oxygen and help the coral to remove wastes. Most importantly, zooxanthellae supply the coral with glucose, product of photosynthesis. The coral uses these products to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and produce calcium carbonate Zooxanthellae provide corals with pigmentation. Left :healthy stony coral. Right: stony coral that has lost its zooxanthellae and has taken on a bleached appearance=“coral bleaching”. If a coral polyp is without zooxanthellae cells for a long period of time, it will most likely die

21. Dinoflagellates Symbiodinium sp.  live in a symbiotic relationship with corals, sea anemones and other organisms (many of these host organisms have little or no growth without their symbiotic partner)  Give products of photosynthesis to the host and in turn receive inorganic nutrients Auburn.ceduNoaa.gov

22. Dinoflagellates  A few species lack chloroplasts and live as parasites in marine organisms  Pfiesteria produces very serious toxins that can cause massive fish kills, harm shellfish and impair the nervous system in humans. Whoi.edu

23. Red tide Karenia brevis This toxic dinoflagellate is linked to dangerous “red tide” outbreaks in the Gulf of Mexico.

24. Dinophysis Dinophysis species like these are associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning.

25. Thalassionema Hundreds of diatoms can fit on the head of a pin, but these tiny organisms exist in countless numbers—enough to change seawater color during periodic population “blooms.”

26. Ecosystem Significance Human Impact Significance of Unicellular Algae

27. Protozoans= “first animals” Animal-like Unicellular Heterotrophs, ingest food BUT some photosynthetic! Found everywhere in oceans 3 main types:  Foramaniferans  Radiolarians  Ciliates

28. Protozoa: Foraminiferans Foraminiferans (forams)  Exclusively found in marine community  Found on sandy or rocky bottoms  Shells of calcium carbonate  Pseudopods (false feet) extend through pores in the shell where they are used to capture minute food particles such as phytoplankton  Skeletons form sediment

29. Foraminifera skeletons Can be important contributors of calcareous material on coral reefs or sandy beaches Pink sand in Bermuda

30. Protozoa: Radiolarians Radiolarians  Planktonic, mostly microscopic  Shell of silica (glass)  Like forams, they use pseudopods that extend through pores in the shell where they are used to capture minute food particles such as phytoplankton Ernst Haeckel: Challenger Expedition 1873-76 2775 species recorded

31. Ciliates  Cilia present for locomotion  Hair-like projections  Most live as solitary cells  Some build shells made of organic debris  May live on hard substrate  Some are planktonic

32. Ecosystem Significance Human Impact Significance of Protozoans

33. Fungi Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular Heterotrophic  Mostly decomposers Most of the 1,500 species of marine fungi are microscopic On mangroves, seagrass, sponges, shellfish, fish parasites. Biotec.or.th

34. Fungi, lichen Like bacteria, many fungus break down dead organic matter into detritus Some fungus live in symbiosis with green algae, or cyanobacteria, these are known as lichens. Marine lichens often live in wave-splashed areas of rocky shorelines and other hard substrate

35. Multicellular Algae: Seaweeds Eukaryotic Primary producers Not weeds, but algae. Most biologists agree that macrophyte is a much better name, macroalgae too. Lack true leaves, stems, and roots

36. Thallus Physical Characteristics Thallus = the complete body Blade = leaf like, flattened portions Pneumatocysts = gas filled bladders, keep upright so towards sunlight Stipe = stem-like Holdfast = attaches seaweed to a substrate

37. Macrocystis a.holdfast b.stipe c.blade - main organ of photosynthesis d.bladder - keeps blades near the surface Blade Bladder Stipe Holdfast

39. Types of Algae Classes Chlorophyta = Green Phaeophyta = Brown Rhodophyta = Red

40. Macroalgae: Green algae Have the same pigments as land plants (chlorophyll) More than 7,000 species

41. Halimeda opuntia Chlorophyta: Green Algae Caulerpa racemosa Caulerpa sertularioides Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Codium edule

42. Largest (size) and most complex of the algae Nearly all are marine (~1500 spp.) Brown color comes from accessory pigments (fucoxanthin) Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

43. Padina (brown algae) with flat, calcified blades. Macrocystis pyrifera

44. Sea palm (Postelsia palmaeformis) contains internal support structures that help them withstand wave action!

45. Sargassum polyphyllum Sargassum echinocarpum Phaeophyta: Brown Algae Turbinaria ornata Padina japonica Hydroclathrus clathratus

46. Kelps! Kelps are the largest seaweed we encounter in the ocean. They are also the most complex. Due to this large size, many of the kelps are harvested for food!

47. Giant Kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera -The largest of the kelps. -anchors itself to the sea floor by use a massive holdfast. -extensive pneumatocysts used for buoyancy. -Pneumatocysts keep the seaweed close to the surface to maximize photosyhthesis Macrocystis pyrifera

48. These kelp obtain huge proportions growing as much as 0.5m/day! Kelp forest are great for sheltering all sorts of marine life, fish, invertebrates seals and sharks. And for food! Harvest of the upper sections of the blades for food.

49. Division Rhodophyta “Red algae” Most in marine habitats 4,000 species

50. Members of the species Rhodophyta red algae, are more numerous than the green and brown algae combined (if we include aquatics). Many red algae are in fact red. due to the presence of red pigments known as phycobilins, which mask chlorophyll. Porphya, a “red” algae

51. encrusting Corallina, a coralline algae, deposits CaCO 3 within its cell walls which provides structural support and often encrusting many surrounding surfaces.

52. Hypnea chordacea Asparagopsis taxiformis Galaxaura fastigiata Acanthophora spicifera Ahnfeltia concinna Rhodophyta: Red Algae

53. Products from Seaweed: Phycocolloids—form gels and increase viscosity of liquids Algin—stabilizer in ice cream (Macrocystis) Carageenan—emulsifier (Irish Moss, Chondrus) Agar—jellies (and of course all your plates in microbiology, Gelidium, Pterocladiella)

54. Thickener and help smooth: Many foods and milk-products Toothpaste Beauty creams Paints Medical products- like bacterial culture plates, time-release pills, and dental impression gels Certain alga can be used to make agar or as stabilizer in gelatin and ice cream

55. Flowering Plants Flower, reproductive organ Photosynthetic Eukaryotes True stems, roots, leaves Dominant on Land, few Marine species  True Flowering Plants: Seagrasses  Salt Tolerant Plants:  Salt Marsh grasses  Mangroves

56. --Seagrasses have rhizomes, or horizontal stems which grow beneath the sediment. --Provides habitat for juveniles and larvae of many marine species --Anchors sediments --Helps stabilize soft bottoms --Protects coast from turbulence and erosion

58. Value of Seagrasses in FL (2006) Total value Florida for 6 seagrass dependent species ---$71.4 million. More than 70% of Florida's recreational and commercial fish, crustaceans, and shellfish spend part of their lives in shallow water estuaries. Shrimp industry --$28.2 million. Stone crab fishery--$13 million. Spiny lobster fishery--$18 million. Yellowtail and gray snapper--$3.1 million Over 30 species of tropical invertebrates dependent on seagrass habitats are collected in the Florida Keys for the marine collection industry yearly. Over $200 million spent yearly in Monroe County in the viewing of nature and wildlife.

59. Salt Marsh plants Salt water tolerant species = halophytes Do not tolerate total submergence Act as water purification system Habitat and breeding grounds for many fishery species Protect against erosion

60. Salt Marsh Plants Salt Wort Cordgrass

61. Mangroves

62. Mangroves thrive in salty environments Able to obtain freshwater from saltwater. Some spp. secrete excess salt through their leaves while other block absorption of salt at their roots.

63. Mangrove Impacts - Trap and cycle organics, chemical elements, sediment and minerals. -Leaf litter important for decomposition, recycling nutrients. -Provide shelter/habitat for marine organisms—often economically important ones. -Nearly all commercially/recreationally important fisheries spend a portion of life in mangroves and/or seagrass -Stabilize the coastline, reducing erosion from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides.

66. Plate 8. Red Mangrove, Rhizophora mangle.

68. Red Mangrove