1. METODE LCA: LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS dalam KAJIAN LINGKUNGAN
Outline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
Diabstraksikan oleh: Nunuk L.H., N. Akhmad, E. Sunaryono, dan Soemarno
PSDL-PDKL-PPSUB Januari 2013

2. Products and Processes
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS
Outline
Life Cycle Analysis is a tool to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout their lifecycles. This lecture provides an introduction to the scope, methodological aspects and applications of LCA. First, the underlying rationale of LCA is explored, whereafter the framework of the LCA process is presented. The steps in LCA are goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation of results. An important aspect of LCA is the ‘functional’ orientation of the analysis. LCA is a comprehensive and comparative evaluation of environmental flows and impacts associated to the function of products. Each subsequent step within the framework of LCA involves specific requirements that need to be adjusted to the product or process function.
Although often associated with the environmental sphere, ‘life cycle thinking’ can be used in other fields as well. Applications of LCA include Life Cycle Costing, which analyses economic or financial impacts during life cycles of products and processes. A rather new concept in the field of LCA is the evaluation of social aspects from ‘cradle to grave’. In accordance with the sustainability paradigm of ‘planet, profit and people’, the social impacts are important as well. Therefore, this lecture ends with an overview of characteristics and deveopments in the field of ‘social LCA’.
Analysis of Environmental, Financial and Social Impacts throughout the Life-cycle of
Products and Processes 2

3. LCA The Concept of Environmental LCA Methodology of Environmental LCA;
Goal and Scope
Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
Extending the scope of Environmental LCA;
Economic LCA
Social LCA

4. KONSEP LCA
Products do no pollute, but their production, use and disposal do!
Product systems are composed of interrelated processes
Source: cycle:
Inputs and outputs of product system: USEPA, Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Life Cycle of Product Systems (Source: USEPA, Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice, Cincinnati, Ohio report no

5. KONSEP LCA
Some products have a dominating environmental load in production, some in use, some in disposal:
Examples:
books, furniture, art etc.
Examples:
cars, television, airco etc.
Examples:
Ni-Cd batteries, household chemicals, fireworks etc.

6. KONSEP LCA
Environmental LCA is the quantitative assessment of environmental impacts of products or processes over their life cycle.
LCA is the analysis of the contribution of lifecycle stages, product parts or processes to environmental burden.
LCA is often used to compare between products or design alternatives.
Applications of LCA:
Product improvement
Support for strategic choices
Benchmarking
External communication

7. KONSEP LCA LCA is a model of a complex reality!
…of an average lifecycle of a mass product
…of the effect of all impacts that occur
…of their interaction.
Any model is a simplification of reality: If you make a model, you must specify the goal and scope describing why you want to make the model.

8. METODOLOGI LCA Goal and Scope definition Inventory Analysis
Impact Assessment
Interpretation
(Source: ISO 14040)
The official LCA framework according to the International Standards: ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006

9. METODOLOGI LCA Questions: What is the intended application of the LCA?
How much effort do you want to invest?
Who are interested parties?
What methodology will you use?
Why is a goal and scope definition important?
guidance in data collection phase
communication base for data providers
reference for data quality management.
afterwards, to explain how choices have been made during the various LCA phases.

10. METODOLOGI LCA
Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects
Functional unit: comparison of products on the basis of equivalent function, for example: comparison of 2 packaging systems for 1000 litres of milk by (a) 1000 disposable cartons or (b) 100 reusable bottles; instead of comparison of 1 carton and 1 bottle.
Functional unit is basis for comparison
“Compare environmental impacts of packaging of 1000 litres milk in carton packages or glass bottles” ? =

11. METODOLOGI LCA
Definition of functional unit, initial system boundaries and procedural aspects
System boundaries: definition of processes that are included in the investigation, e.g. material extraction, processing and transport; energy production; disposal processes. Production of capital goods (equipment used for production and transportation) are often excluded from the system. System boundaries are further defined during the inventory process.
Procedural aspects: organizational arrangements such as a critical review to guarantee consistency, scientific validity, transparency of the final report and how various stakeholders will be involved in the process (LCA is a participatory process)

12. METODOLOGI LCA: INVENTORY
Also referred to as Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) phase
Compiling and quantifying of inputs and outputs
Collecting of data, determination of total emissions and resource use
Detailed defining of product system and economy-environment boundary. Only data collection for processes that are controlled by human beings (economic processes). Examples: coal mining, electricity production, controlled dumping of solid waste etc.
Visualizing connected processes in product system
Scaling of available technical data (e.g. from data libraries) to functional unit
Aggregating the inputs and outputs in Inventory Table

13. LCI table with environmental interventions
METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory
Example of Product system and Inventory Table
LCI table with environmental interventions
Crude oil from earth
40000 kg
CO2 to air
3500
SO2 to air
20 kg
NOx to air
100 kg
Cd to water
5 g
PAH to water
8 kg
Etc.
…….
electricity
incineration
steel
production
distribution
use
dump
plastic
reuse
recycling

14. METODOLOGI LCA: Inventory Difficulties: Data availability and quality
Data rarely available, usually special data gathering studies needed
Measurement procedures rarely standardized
Geographic variations
quality of raw materials/energy sources
production methods
relevant environmental impacts
Technology
Which type of electricity production?
Salt Electrolysis with Mercury or Membrane process?
Oldest, average or modern Waste Incineration Plant?

15. Electricity production
METODOLOGI LCA:
Inventory
Difficulties:
Allocation of environmental interventions in case of multiple output processes;
Many processes are ‘multifunctional’ (e.g. co-production, combined waste treatment.) and interventions can be allocated to more outputs:
Recycling and reuse
Allocation determined by number of reuse times and fraction of materials that can be recycled at a certain quality
Recycling
Electricity production
Chlorine
Plastic production
Plastic bag use
Salt electrolysis
Paint production
Old plastic
Caustic Soda

16. METODOLOGI LCA: Pendugaan Dampak
Also referred to as Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
Linkage (long) list of LCI results to environmental impacts, like climate change, acidification, eco-toxic impacts etc.
Land use
LCI result
Raw materials
CO2
VOS P
SO2
NOx
CFC Cd
PAH
DDT
Climate change
Acidification
Ecotoxicity
Depletion
Eutrophication
Humantoxicity

17. METODOLOGI LCA: Pendugaan Dampak
Steps: Characterization, Classification and Normalization:
Determine which LCI results contribute to which impact category, e.g. CO2 and CH4 to climate change
Multiply environmental interventions (resources, emissions etc.) from LCI with a characterisation factor to get indicator results
Normalize to understand the relative magnitude of the indicator results and to get dimensionless score (useful for comparison)
Impact category
Cat. Indicator result (kg CO2 equivalent)
Char. Factor (Global Warming Potential)

18. METODOLOGI LCA: Pendugaan Dampak
Category indicators are quantifiable representations of impact categories (ISO) and are defined according standards, such as CML-IA, Eco indicator 99, Impact etc.)
Effect
Intervention
Damage
CO2 P
SO2
NOx
DDT
Dust
VOC Cd
PAH
CFC
Heavy metals
Greenhouse effect
Acidification
Pesticides
Eutrophication
Damage to Eco-systems
Damage to
human health
Indicator
Winter smog
Summer smog
Carconogenics
Ozone layer depl.

19. METODOLOGI LCA: Pendugaan Dampak
A ‘high’ contribution to a certain impact category (a high normalized score) does not automatically mean an ‘important’ contribution  weighing of results is needed
Weighing is a valuation of results and thus a normative process, depending on preferences of researcher; which environmental impact is most important?
Procedure of LCIA according to ISO:
Classification and characterisation are an obligatory step.
Normalisation is an optional step.
Weighing is only permitted for internal decision making, and not for comparison of products to the public.
Procedure of LCIA according to ISO The ISO standards have recently been replaced by the ISO 14044:2006 standards, but requirements and technical content have remained the same (see also

20. METODOLOGI LCA: Interpretasi
“Phase of life cycle assessment in which the findings of either the inventory analysis or the impact assessment, or both, are combined consistent with the defined goal and scope in order to reach conclusions and recommendations” (ISO)
To interpret an LCA, you must check the goal and scope:
Are the the general assumptions reasonable?
Is the functional unit well chosen?
Are ISO standards applied?
Has a peer review been conducted?

21. METODOLOGI LCA: Interpretasi
Conduct a sensitivity analysis: analyze the impact of important choices or assumptions
What if other allocations are applied.
What if other boundaries are applied.
What if other impact assessment method is used.
By recalculating the LCA with other assumptions, we can verify how the conclusions connect with the assumptions.

22. LCA diperluas:
LCA is often associated with environmental impacts, but scope can be extended to include economic and social impacts.
Financial LCA = Life Cycle Costing (LCC);
Analysis of life cycle costs
Social LCA
Social impacts throughout life cycle of products and processes

23. LCA diperluas:
What are the costs and revenues incured during the life cycle of a product or process?
R&D
Production
Marketing
Sales
Etc.
Sometimes external costs included as well (costs that are ‘imposed’ on society or the environment):
Monetary valuation of environmental LCI and LCIA results…but is it possible to monetise all environmental services?

24. LCA diperluas:
Social LCA analyses social impacts, such as employment and health:
Job quality
Quality physical health
Quality social health
Earthly possessions
Challenging to model social life cycle impacts, because social conditions do change more rapidly
impacts from changes in employment conditions may dissipate
emotions resulting from changes disappear with time
diseases get cured
people who are laid off may find new jobs)