1. Chapter 13 Learning and Memory

2. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

3. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

4. Learning Process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior. Habituation Decrement in reflexive response due to repeated stimulus presentation.

6. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

7. Classical conditioning Unconditioned stimulus(US) Unconditioned response (UR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioned response (CR)

9. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

10. Instrumental conditioning A learning procedure whereby the effects of a particular behavior in a particular situation increase (reinforce) or decrease (punish) the probability of the behavior; also called operant conditioning.

12. Reinforcing stimulus Appetitive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become more frequent. Punishing stimulus Aversive stimulus that follows a particular behavior and thus makes the behavior become less frequent.

13. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

14. Long-term potentiation (LTP) Long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron caused by repeated high-frequency activity of input. Associative long-term potentiation LTP in which concurrent stimulation of weak and strong synapses to a given neuron strengthens the weak ones.

21. NMDA receptor Specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg 2+ ions. AMPA receptor Ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; when its open, it produces EPSPs.

22. CaM-KII Type II calcium-calmodulin kinase; enzyme activated by calcium and plays role in establishment of LTP. Nitric oxide synthase An enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide.

25. Medial forebrain bundle (MFB) Fiber bundle that runs through lateral hypothalamus; electrical stimulation of MFB is reinforcing. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) Dopaminergic neurons in midbrain whose axons form the mesolimbic and mesocortical system; plays role in reinforcement. Nucleus accumbens Nucleus of the forebrain that receives dopamine-secreting terminal buttons from neurons of VTA; involved in reinforcement.

26. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

27. Declarative memory Memory that can be verbally expressed, such as memory for events in a person’s past. Nondeclarative memory Memory whose formation does not depend on the hippocampal formation; a collective term for perceptual, stimulus-response, and motor memory.

28. Episodic memories Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time and identified by a particular context. Semantic memories A memory of facts and general information.

33. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

35. Spatial memories Functional imaging studies have shown that the right hippocampal formation becomes active when a person is remembering or performing a navigational task. Place cell A neuron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment; most typically found in the hippocampal formation.

36. SIMPLE LEARNING a. habituation b. Pavlovian learning c. instrumental learning d. biological mechanisms HIGHER ORDER COGNITION a. declarative vs. non-declarative memory b. spatial learning c. clinical cases

38. Consolidation Process by which short-term memories are converted into long-term memories. Short-term memory Immediate memory for events, which may or may not be consolidated into long-term memory. Long-term memory Relatively stable memory of events that occurred in the more distant past.

40. Anterograde amnesia Amnesia for events that occur after trauma. Retrograde amnesia Amnesia for events that occur just prior to the brain trauma.

41. Korsakoff’s syndrome Permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage resulting from chronic alcoholism. Confabulation The reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive, seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome.