2. Kingdom Plantae Vascular Non-vascular plants

3. KINGDOM PLANTAE NON-VASCULAR PLANTS ‘ no plumbing’ TERRESTRIAL Mosses The Bryophytes AQUATIC Algae Phylum Chlorophyta Phylum Rhodophyta Phylum Phaeophyta

4. P L A N T S Plants and algae convert light energy from the sun into the chemical energy stored in carbohydrates (sugars). Carbon dioxide + Water  Sugar + Oxygen + ATP Plants also produce OXYGEN and use up CARBON DIOXIDE Then use the glucose to create more energy Interactions with other organisms: Herbivores, Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, & mycorrhizae Insects, birds, and mammals Are the very foundation of life on earth:

6. ALGAE

7. PHOTO-AUTOTROPHIC (ability to synthesize carbs) PHOTO-AUTOTROPHIC (ability to synthesize carbs) EUKARYOTIC (except for blue-green algae) CELLULOSE CELL WALLS Most are MULTICELLULAR; also some unicellular, filamentous, and colonial algae ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS (haploid gametophyte to diploid sporophyte) LACK MOBILITY

8. ALGAE ARE FOUND IN THREE DIFFERENT KINGDOMS! Kingdom Monera Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae Prokaryotic algae Eukaryotic algae Multicellular eukaryotic algae

9. What are the benefits of being Aquatic? Water satisfies most of the needs of a plant (ie): 1 – Prevents drying out 2 – Lends structural support 3 – Provides nutrients without having to move around searching for them 4 – Accommodates the dispersal of spores and the meeting of sex cells

10. PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA (the brown algae) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9eyK6C9nDA

11. 1500 species 1500 species Examples: KELP FUCUS (rockweed)

12. Brown colour is due to use of a brown photopigment ~ fucoxanthin. Mostly marine, kelps are the largest type of algae (70+ meters!). Many have “air bladders” to suspend them in the water and keep the fronds in sunlight.

13. How Do We Use Brown Algae? What is that? Alginate is a colloidal product used for thickening, suspending, stabilizing, emulsifying, gel-forming, or film-forming, as required. We harvest ~190,000 tonnes of the brown kelp each year WHY? So we can extract alginic acid. It is also used to make toothpastes, soaps, rubber, ice cream, tinned meats, fabric printing, and fertilizer etc. Dentists use alginates to make dental impressions of teeth.

14. PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA (the red algae) http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=FYWD87C6rYU

16. The red colour is due to use of a red photopigment ~ phycobilins. The red colour is due to use of a red photopigment ~ phycobilins. Mostly marine. Often found in deeper water (up to 260 m). 6,000 species. 6,000 species.

17. tropical reefs Red algae is important in forming tropical reefs (coralline algae) SYMBIOSIS Zooxanthellae Zooxanthellae: algae that lives in the gastrodermis of reef- building corals. Algae provides food to the coral (glucose from photosynthesis) Corals provides protection and access to light. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4R0FqkywxE

18. It contains Carrageenan, which is used for stabilizing chocolate, milk, egg-nog, ice cream, sherbets, instant puddings, frostings, creamed soups, etc. How Do We Use Red Algae? It also contains Agar, which has the unique ability to form thermally reversible gels at low temperatures. Very Useful! Carrageenan fights HPV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgphZdE5VeE

19. *As a laxative What Is Agar Used For ? *In drugs that need to be released slowly *Used in the study of bacteria and fungi *Used in cosmetics, ointments and lotions *Used in photographic film, shoe polish, dental impressions, shaving soaps, and in the tanning industry *Used as a subsitute for gelatin, as an antidrying agent in breads and pastry, and for gelling and thickening certain foods. *Used to make cheese, mayonnaise, pudding, jellies, and frozen dairy products.

20. PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA (the green algae)

21. There are more than 7,000 species. Widely distributed: found in fresh and salt water, damp soil, in lichens, and even in snow, ice, and rock. They are the ancestor of land plants Been around for 2 billion years.

22. How Do We Use Green Algae? Sewage treatment to remove inorganic nutrients and toxins As Filters Rubbing compounds (shoe polish) Pest control (fleas)

23. Organisms that drift on or near the surface of the water. Important algal groups: diatoms, golden algae, some green algae, & cyanobacteria One litre of lake water may contain more than 500 million planktonic organisms. 67% of the global oxygen supply!!! Zooplankton eat phytoplankton = bottom of food chain!! PRIMARY FOOD PRODUCERS

24. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE Alternation of Generations

28. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE FRAGMENTATION: thallus/cell body simply breaks apart and the pieces grow into new individuals ASEXUAL SPORES: ZOOSPORES (motile spres) or NON-MOTILE SPORES. The spores form a large gametophyte individual (see ulva life cycle p. 250) MITOTIC DIVISION: occurs in unicellular plants (ie: zygenema)

29. Algae will grow anywhere where there is moisture!

31. ECONOMIC USES OF ALGAE

32. ChlorophytaPhaeophytaRhodophyta Pigments Chlorophyll a, b Carotene Chlorophyll a, c Fucoxanthin Chlorophyll a,d Carotenes, Phycobillins Food Storage StarchLaminarin, oilsStarch Cell Wall Cellulose Habitat Mainly fresh water Most soils, coastal tropical seas Mainly colder seawaterMainly warmer seawater Some fresh water Form Unicellular, filamentous, multicellular Multicellular Reproduction Sexual Ro: alternation of generations Asexual Ro: fragmentation or spores Sexual Ro: alteration of generations AsexualRo: Fragmentation or spores Sexual Ro: alternation of generations Asexual Ro: some vegetative Examples Chlamydomonas Ulva (sea lettuse) Volvox, Spirogyra Fucus (rockweed) Kelp Porphyra (sushi) Plumaria Irish Moss