1. CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION THAT WORKS
RESEARCHED-BASED STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

2. The most important factor affecting student learning is the teacher
Individual classroom teachers have an effect on student achievement
Improving the effectiveness of teachers will improve student achievement
Research has identified several teaching strategies that maximize the possibility of enhancing student achievement

3. The Nine Strategies
These instructional strategies have the highest probability of enhancing student achievement for all students in all subject areas at all grade levels.
Results based on the research of Marzano, Pickering & Pollock, (McREL research)
– Planning Targets of Learning

4. THE #1 Most Effective Strategy
Identifying similarities and differences
Comparing
Classifying
Creating Metaphors
Creating Analogies

5. Venn Diagrams

6. Summarizing & Note Taking
Strategies for doing summaries
Rule-based strategy
Summary Frames for different types of writing
Reciprocal teaching
Note-taking
Verbatim note-taking is least effective way to take notes
Teacher prepared notes – model
Various formats for note-taking- outlines, webs, combination notes

7. Reinforcing Effort & Providing Recognition
Not all students recognize the importance of believing in effort
Students can learn to change their beliefs about the relationship between effort and achievement
Rewards do not necessarily have a negative effect on intrinsic motivation
Reward is most effective when it is contingent on the attainment of a standard
Abstract symbolic recognition is more effective than tangible rewards

8. Homework & Practice Common purposes for homework: Practice Preparation
Elaboration
Focused practice for skills and processes
Conceptual Understanding of skills & processes

9. Nonlinguistic Representations
Creating graphic representations
Making physical models
Generating mental pictures
Drawing pictures & pictographs
Engaging in kinesthetic activity -

10. Cooperative Learning (Johnson & Johnson)
Five defining elements of cooperative learning:
Positive Interdependence
Face-to-face promotive interaction
Individual & group accountability
Interpersonal & small group skills
Group processing

11. Kagan Learning Structures
Merging Cooperative Learning & Multiple Intelligences
PIES
Positive interdependence
Individual Accountability
Equal participation
Simultaneous interaction

12. Setting Objectives & Providing Feedback
Focus instruction on goals, objectives, outcomes –share these with students
Feedback should be:
- Corrective in nature
Timely
Specific to a criterion
Students can effectively provide some of their own feedback (assessment as learning)

13. Generating & Testing Hypotheses
Deductive & Inductive Learning
Critical & Creative Thinking
What this looks like in the classroom:
Problem Solving
Decision Making
Investigation
Historical Thinking
Invention
Experimental Inquiry

14. Cues, Questions & Advance Organizers
Cues are hints about what students are about to experience
Cues & questions should focus on what is important as opposed to what is unusual
“Higher level” questions produce deeper learning than lower “level questions”
Allow for wait time
Questions can be used before learning to establish a mental set

15. Advance Organizers Expository Narrative Skimming
Graphic Advance Organizers
Webs
Charts
Other