2. ONE CHAPTER ONE Understanding Investments Cleary / Jones Investments: Analysis and Management

3. Learning Objectives n To define investment and discuss what it means to study investments n To explain why risk and return are the two critical components of all investing decisions n To outline the two-step investment decision process n To discuss key factors that affect the investment decision process

4. Investments Defined n Investments is the study of the process of committing funds to one or more assets –Emphasis on holding financial assets and marketable securities –Concepts also apply to real assets –Foreign financial assets should not be ignored

5. Why Study Investments? n Most individuals make investment decisions sometime –Need sound framework for managing and increasing wealth n Essential part of a career in the field –Security analyst, portfolio manager, investment advisor, financial planner, Chartered Financial Analyst

6. Investment Decisions n Underlying investment decisions: the tradeoff between expected return and risk –Expected return is not usually the same as realized return n Risk: the possibility that the realized return will be different than the expected return

7. The Tradeoff Between ER and Risk n Investors manage risk at a cost - lower expected returns (ER) n Any level of expected return and risk can be attained Risk ER Risk-free Rate Bonds Stocks

8. The Investment Decision Process n Two-step process: –Security analysis and valuation n Necessary to understand security characteristics –Portfolio management n Selected securities viewed as a single unit n How and when should it be revised? n How should portfolio performance be measured?

9. Factors Affecting the Process n Uncertainty in ex post returns dominates decision process –Future unknown and must be estimated n Foreign financial assets: opportunity to enhance return and/or reduce risk n Institutional investors are important n How efficient are financial markets in processing new information?

10. The Rise of the Internet n Revolutionized the flow of investment information n Dramatically lowered commission rates for individual investors