1. Generations of Computers
BCA– Ist
Fundamentals of Computers

2. Evolution of Computers
Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine in 1642
Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671
Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880
Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punched cards that were extensively used as input media until late 1970s

3. Evolution of Computers
Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of modern digital computers
He designed “Difference Engine” in 1822
He designed a fully automatic analytical engine in 1842 for performing basic arithmetic functions
His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer

4. Some Early Computers
The Mark I Computer ( ): The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University's staff, was a general purpose electro-mechanical computer that was used in the war effort during the last part of World War II. The original concept was presented to IBM by Howard Aiken in November 1937.
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer ( ): The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer. The ABC's priority is debated among historians of computer technology, because it was not programmable.

5. THE MARK 1
THE ABC

6. Some Early Computers
The ENIAC ( ): Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a large class of numerical problems."
The EDVAC ( ): (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was one of the earliest electronic computers. Unlike its predecessor the ENIAC, it was binary rather than decimal, and was a stored program compute

7. THE ENIAC
THE EDVAC

8. Some Early Computers
The EDSAC ( ): Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was an early British computer. The machine was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service
Manchester Mark I (1948): The Manchester Mark 1 was one of the earliest stored- program computers, developed at the Victoria University of Manchester from the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or "Baby" (operational in June 1948). It was also called the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine, or MADM

9. THE EDSAC
THE MANCHESTER MARK 1

10. Some Early Computers
The EDSAC ( ): Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator was an early British computer. The machine was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England. EDSAC was the second electronic digital stored-program computer to go into regular service
Manchester Mark I (1948): The Manchester Mark 1 was developed at the Victoria University of Manchester from the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) or "Baby" (operational in June 1948). It was also called the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine, or MADM.

11. Some Early Computers
The UNIVAC I (1951): The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the first commercial computer produced in the United States. It was designed principally by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the inventors of the ENIAC. Design work was started by their company, Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, and was completed after the company had been acquired by Remington Rand (which later became part of Sperry, now Unisys). In the years before successor models of the UNIVAC I appeared, the machine was simply known as "theUNIVAC".

12. COMPUTER GENERATIONS
“Generation” in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of computer industry
Originally it was used to distinguish between various hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software
Till today, there are five computer generations

13. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

14. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

15. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

16. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

17. COMPUTER GENERATIONS

18. DRUM PRINTERS Line printers that print one line at a time
Have a solid cylindrical drum with characters embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands.
Set of hammers mounted in front of the drum in such a manner that an inked ribbon and paper can be placed between the hammers and the drum
Can only print a pre-defined set of characters in a predefined style that is embossed on the drum
Impact printers and usually monochrome
Typical speeds are in the range of 300 to 2000 lines per minute

19. DRUM PRINTERS

20. CHAIN/ BAND PRINTERS Line printers that print one line at a time
Consist of a metallic chain/band on which all characters of the character set supported by the printer are embossed
Also have a set of hammers mounted in front of the chain/band in such a manner that an inked ribbon and paper can be placed between the hammers and the chain/band

21. CHAIN/ BAND PRINTERS
Can only print pre-defined sets of characters that are embossed on the chain/band used with the printer
Cannot print any shape of characters, different sizes of print, and graphics such as charts and graphs
Are impact printers and can be used for generating multiple copies by using carbon paper or its equivalent
Are usually monochrome
Typical speeds are in the range of 400 to 3000 lines per minute

22. LEASER PRINTER Page printers that print one page at a time
Consist of a laser beam source, a multi-sided mirror, a photoconductive drum and toner (tiny particles of oppositely charged ink)
To print a page, the laser beam is focused on the electro statically charged drum by the spinning multi-sided mirror
Toner sticks to the drum in the places the laser beam has charged the drum’s surface.
Toner is then permanently fused on the paper with heat and pressure to generate the printer output
Laser printers produce very high quality output having resolutions in the range of 600 to 1200 dpi

23. LEASER PRINTER
Can print many special characters, different sizes of print, and graphics such as charts and graphs
Are non-impact printers
Most laser printers are monochrome, but color laser printers are also available
Low speed laser printers can print 4 to 12 pages per minute. Very high-speed laser printers can print 500 to 1000 pages per minute
More expensive than other printers

24. LEASER PRINTER

25. PLOTTERS
Plotters are an ideal output device for architects, engineers, city planners, and others who need to routinely generate high-precision, hard-copy graphic output of widely varying sizes
Two commonly used types of plotters are:
– Drum plotter, in which the paper on which the design has to be made is placed over a drum that can rotate in both clockwise and anti-clockwise directions
– Flatbed plotter, in which the paper on which the design has to be made is spread and fixed over a rectangular flatbed table

26. DRUM PLOTTER

27. FLATBET PLOTTER