1. Economic Geography Review: Primary Industries

2. Defining Natural Resources
Natural resources are non-man-made parts of the Earth which humans use.
What are some examples of naturally occurring materials that humans use?
Natural resources come in two basic categories:
Renewable resources, which can replace themselves (unless badly managed). For example, trees grow to replace those we cut down.
Non-renewable resources, which can only be used once or we can run out of. For example, oil.

3. Types of Industry
Most Canadian workers are not lumberjacks, farmers, or miners; nor are they factory workers.
Instead, most Canadians have jobs in which they provide an enormous range of services.
But all parts of the economy are important…and all jobs that people do are placed in one of the following categories: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.

4. Types of Industry Primary Industries
Extracting raw materials from the ground or water
Examples: mining, forestry, farming, fishing

5. Types of Industry Secondary Industries
Manufacturing products by putting things together
e.g., auto assembly plants, factories
Secondary industries take the goods from the primary goods and make them into finished goods.
They make an enormous
amount of products needed
by consumers.
-Examples: diamond rings,
canned fruit, paper, furniture

6. Types of Industry Tertiary Industries Providing services to others
e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, retail workers
A majority of Canadians do not extract goods or make goods, but provide services to others in their jobs.
The service sector is the largest part of Canada’s economy! (3x higher than primary and secondary combined)

7. Orange to Orange Juice Example
Think of an orange and the different processes it goes through in each industry to become organize juice. It is grown by a farmer, picked, transported, then gets processed into a finished product and packaged as orange juice. Finally, it gets sent to stores and sold to you!

8. Types of Industry
Each of the different types of industries, no matter primary, secondary, or tertiary, are either basic industries or non-basic industries.
Basic Industries
Selling goods or services to people outside of the local community
Bringing new money into the local economy from outside
For example: John works at a Pulp and Paper Mill. The money to pay his salary comes from outside the economy, not from within his local community.

9. Types of Industry Non-Basic Industries
Selling goods or services to people within the local community.
It does not new money into the community. Instead,
the local community “recycles” money made.
For example: Peter has a barber shop on the main road in town. The money that pays Peter’s salary would largely come from customers who live in the local area.

10. Examples: Basic or Non-Basic?
Hairdresser at the mall: ________________
TD Bank Vice President: ________________
Air Canada Pilot: ________________
School Bus Driver: ________________
Dental Receptionist: ________________
Nestle CEO: ________________
Cashier at Mac’s: ________________
Coal Miner in B.C ________________

12. The Grand Banks
The Grand Banks are underwater plateaus in South-eastern Newfoundland. The cold Labrador current mixes with the warm Gulf Stream. The mixing of these waters allow nutrients to lift to the surface. This makes the water one of the richest fishing grounds in the world, particularly for cod fish.

14. The Fishing industry as a renewable resource:
We have learned that a renewable resource is a resource that replaces itself unless it is mismanaged.
The fisheries in Canada , until recently, have been considered a renewable resource (until we began “overfishing”).
The Canadian fisheries need to be managed properly to ensure they will be renewable!

15. Sustained Yield Management
Sustained yield management is using a renewable resource at a rate that allows the resource to renew itself at a good pace. This is important so we can ensure that it will not run out.
In the fishing industry, this means we must catch fish at a rate that will not hurt or delay the fishes ability to renew themselves.

16. Fishing in the East Coast
One of the greatest world fishing grounds!
The waters here are very suitable for fish.
Fish are attracted here because of a large amount of plankton: microscopic plants and animals that are eaten by fish.
The cold Labrador Current and the warm Gulf Stream makes a nice mixture of water very suitable for fish.
East coast has 71% of Canada’s “catch.”
Most important fish here= COD!

17. Fishing in the West Coast
Salmon is the most important fish in the West Coast.
400x more salmon fish in the West Coast than in the East Coast.
Therefore, most of our salmon comes from Pacific water!

18. Collapse of the East Coast Fishery
In the 1980’s, East Coast fishers noticed less and less fish……..hmmm…
In the 1990’s there was an official ‘collapse’ of the East Coast Fishery. This happened because of:

19. Over-fishing (they realized that the “catch” allowed was far too high)
Improved fishing technologies (we were able to now catch fish faster and more easily. Few fish could escape the nets, and we could spot them with satellites!)
Uncontrolled foreign fishing (foreign countries were bringing their fleets here and were allowed to catching far too much) . Canada needed to protect their fish stocks!

20. Destructive practices (unwanted types of fish were being caught, killed, and then tossed back into the water).
Changes in natural condition (water temperatures changed, and ocean salinity changed after the 1980’s)
In 1992 Canadian government halted (stopped) the cod fisheries and limited the fishing of other fish. Good idea?

21. Question:
How did advancements in technology allow overfishing?

22. Collapse of the West Coast Fishery
In the mid-90’s there was a ‘collapse’ of the West Coast Fishery. This happened because of:

23. Over-fishing (in the 1990’s we were catching far more tons of salmon fish than we should have been).
Changes in the environment (Global warming may have increased the temperatures of the Pacific Ocean), and this may have threatened the salmon’s habitat).
No Salmon Fishing Treaty with the US (the US and Canada continue to argue about where salmon can be caught and how much by each of the two countries)

24. The Future of Canadian Fisheries
70% of world fish stocks are over-fished or depleted (close to extinction)
Both the Atlantic and Pacific fishing industries are in trouble
There are too many fishing boats and not enough fish!
Some countries try to reduce how many fish are caught, but there are no real laws that exist to force countries to do this!
Further restrictions are necessary to save our fish.
This renewable resource is being used beyond its capacity.
National (Canadian) and International (worldwide) laws are required to save the fishing industry, and an important food supply for us and future generations.

25. What do experts blame for the collapse? Different ideas:
The governments: they encouraged the use of fishing technology
Big foreign fishing fleets: they were uncontrolled and the government did nothing to stop them from fishing in Canada’s waters
There was a lack of scientific monitoring in Canada
The government was trying to maintain jobs in the fishing industry to prevent unemployment
The fishing catches were set too high (quotas)
We waited too long to take action (1992)

31. Some Terms to Know….
Livestock: refers to any population of animals kept by humans for a useful, commercial purpose, such as sheep, goats, cows, chickens, rabbits.
Cattle: (cows) are raised as livestock for purposes of meat (veal or beef) and for dairy (milk and other dairy products).
Horticulture: planting for human use as food (fruits, vegetables and herbs). A simple garden in your backyard can be considered horticulture.

32. The Five Major Agricultural Production Sectors in Canada
Poultry & Eggs 8%

33. Canada’s Agricultural Resource
Horticulture, poultry and eggs, and dairy are all produced with a domestic orientation – they stay in Canada.
Grain and oilseeds and red meat both have a domestic and export orientation – sometimes they stay in Canada and sometimes they go out to other countries.

34. Four Farming Regions of Canada
B.C
Western Canada
Atlantic Canada
Central Canada

35. Farming as a Renewable Resource:
If land is properly used and managed, it can support new crops/raise animals year after year.
Farming as a Non-Renewable Resource:
We have a limited amount of land suitable for farming. Much has also been taken over for cities. Also, if land is damaged or not kept well, it can no longer be used for agriculture.

36. Sustainable Agriculture
When we think about “sustainability,” we are thinking about THE RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES.
Sustainable agriculture then, is learning how to farm without harming the environment—farming responsibly!

37. Agribusiness This is basically a linking of two words:
Agriculture + Business= Agribusiness.
Agribusiness involves the jobs that surround the business of agriculture, such as: growing, storing, processing, distributing, etc of the products. It can be individually owned, family-owned, or owned by a large corporation.

38. Vertical Integration
When a company controls several parts of the agricultural process of a product, from the farm to the market. For example:
Lays (corporation) has their own farms where they grow their own potatoes for chips.
Ocean Spray owns their own farms that grow cranberries.
Tropicana owns their own farms that grow oranges.

39. Growing Season
The number of days per year above 5°C at which plants are able to grow.

40. Land Capability
Land’s “suitability” to support agriculture. It is based on soil, drainage, climate and slope of the land.
*Of course, not all land is suited to support agriculture.

41. Threats to the Soil #1 Erosion
Erosion is when the soil gets worn away. This happens for various reasons. The nutrients are removed from the soil by either water or wind.

42. Threats to the Soil #2
Contamination in soil occurs from 4 things: fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, and smoke stacks/vehicle exhaust.

43. Threats to the Soil #2
Fertilizers are often petroleum-based and when water washes them away into lakes, it can be damaging to fish.
Herbicides kills weeds but they can also be harmful to wildlife and sometimes even to humans.

44. Threats to the Soil #2
Pesticides kills insects and bugs that hurt our plants, but sometimes plants become “immune” to pesticides and they are no longer effective. This means we need advances to create stronger ones.
Chemicals from smoke stacks or vehicles stay in the environment for years and are hard to break down. This is very hard for farmers to deal with.

45. The Future of Farming
Urbanization has largely affected farmlands and continues to. Many farmers have had to decide whether to continue their business or sell their land to big companies who will build factories and houses. A lot of valuable farmland is being lost—why is this a problem?

46. The Forest Industry in Canada

47. Terms to Know….
Logging: The cutting down of forest trees and the process of going from “tree stump” to processing.
Timber: are when trees are considered as a source of wood (also referred to as lumber).
Harvesting: In forestry, this is the “gathering” of trees that are taken and brought elsewhere for manufacturing and production.
Pulp: the material we get when we separate the fibres from wood to make paper.

48. Methods of Logging Forests
Clear-Cutting
Shelterwood Cutting
Selective cutting

49. Clear-Cutting
Loggers remove every tree and leave a bare landscape. This is the fastest and cheapest method. If replanting is not successful, the land is ruined.

50. The problem here is that the forests then grow unevenly.
Shelterwood Cutting
This involves clear-cutting only part of a forest. It is a little more costly than clear-cutting because it is "selective” in carefully choosing which areas of trees to cut down.
The problem here is that the forests then grow unevenly.

51. Selective Cutting
Only mature trees of the desired size, type or quality are cut. This is much less disruptive to our forests than other methods.
This method is the most costly (expensive) because it requires more time and care to cut down the specific desired trees. It also does not allow the re-growing of a “uniform” forest.

52. *Remove trees RESPONSIBLY!
Forestry as a Renewable Resource
Our forests are “renewable” as long as we do not cut our trees down at a faster rate than they are able to regrow.
*Remove trees RESPONSIBLY!

53. Forests cover close to half of Canada’s land area!
The Size of Canada’s Forests
Forests cover close to half of Canada’s land area!
42%

54. Commercial and Non-Commercial Forests
Commercial: trees that can be “harvested” for commercial use (to make profit!).
Non-commercial: forests that are not suitable for commercial use (i.e. trees are too small).
Does Canada have more commercial or non-commercial forests? _______________

55. Economic Impacts Products worth about $70 billion per year.
1 in 16 jobs in Canada DEPEND on the Forestry Industry (360,000 direct jobs).
Products worth about $70 billion per year.

56. Value of Forest Industry
Pulp and Paper Products
Other Provinces
$7286 million
Quebec
$11575 million
British Columbia
$7514 million
Ontario
$10018 million
Canada is the second largest producer of Pulp and Paper.
Largest exporter in the World.
Central Canada (Ontario & Quebec) produce the most for the country.

57. Value of Forest Industry
Lumber Products
Other Provinces $780 million
New Brunswick $751 million
Alberta $1731 million
Ontario
$3454 million
British Columbia
$ million
Quebec
$5306 million
B.C produces most of the country’s Lumber (about 50%).