1. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER.

2. What is matter?

3. Anything that has mass and takes up space Matter

4. Kinetic Theory of Matter… All matter is made up of particles Different substances have different sized particles Particles are always moving - move faster at higher temperatures Particles are held together by bonds that vary in strength mixture Composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties.

5. States o Matter SolidsLiquidsGases Space between particles Very small Large Bond between particles Strong (rigid structure) StrongVery weak Movement of particles Vibrate in a fixed position Roll over each other Move freely States of Matter

6. Which state(s) have a definite shape? Which state(s) have a definite volume? Which state(s) are able to be compressed? Which state(s) can flow? Which state(s) have particles which move? States of Matter

7. Classifying Matter Matter Pure SubstancesMixtures Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous Mixtures ElementsCompounds 6

8. Most atoms are combined with others in nature. PHASE CHANGE CH 3 CH 2 OH ( l )  CH 3 CH 2 OH ( g ) CHEMICAL CHANGE CH 3 CH 2 OH + 3 O 2  2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O Pure Substances and Mixtures

9. Pure substances are either: Elements OR Compounds -cereal with milk - salad - trail mix - sand - cement - milk - steel (iron and carbon) - fog Pure water - H 2 O molecules. Salt - NaCl molecules. A ruby stone - Al 2 O 3 molecules. Carbon (in the tip of your pencil) Gold is made only of atoms of Gold. Mixtures are: HomogenousOR Heterogeneous (the same throughout) (vary throughout)

10. Classifying Matter Pure Substances Elements Compounds …can be broken down into atoms Examples: Carbon (in the tip of your pencil) is made solely of carbon atoms. Gold is made only of atoms of Gold. …can be broken down into molecules. Examples: Pure water consists only of H 2 O molecules. Salt consists only of NaCl molecules. A ruby stone consists of Al 2 O 3 molecules.

11. Models of Matter Mixtures Heterogeneous mixtures - different particles are large enough to be seen or felt. Homogeneous mixtures -very well mixed -looks and feels like one substance (Solutions are homogeneous mixtures) Examples: -cereal with milk - salad - trail mix - sand - cement Examples: - milk - steel (iron and carbon) - fog 9

12. Consist of only 1 type of atom O OO OO O O O O O O O O Oxygen Atom Element Example: oxygen Elements-

13. A group of two or more atoms linked together by a bond OO Examples: oxygenwater O HH Molecule-

14. A group of two or more DIFFERENT atoms linked together by a bond Examples: watersalt O HH NaCl Compound-

15. Compounds can be broken down into molecules O HH O HH O HH O HH O HH O HH O HH Water is a compound Single water molecule

16. PRACTISE Identify each of the following substances as either an element, compound, solution or mixture: a.Sodium bromide (solid white granules) b.An aqueous mixture of bluestone (copper sulfate) c.Sulphur (a yellow powder) d.Iodine and alcohol (a brown liquid) e.Sand and sea salt (silicon dioxide and sodium chloride) f.Water g.Air h.sugar Practise

17. PRACTISE Each shape below represents an atom of a particular element. a) State whether each is a representation of a group of atoms or a group of molecules. b) State whether the diagram represents an element, a compound, or a mixture. Practise

20. Write a definition for the following words: Pure substance Mixture Atom Element Molecule Compound

21. Mixture- Composed of two or more substances, but each keeps its original properties. A mixture can be physically separated into pure compounds or elements A pure compound has a constant composition with fixed ratios of elements.

22. Mixtures HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES The prefixes "homo"- indicate sameness. A homogeneous mixture has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances or phases. The three phases or states of matter are gas, liquid, and solid.

23. Substances change state when energy or heat is added to them Heat gives the particles more kinetic energy causing them to expand Changes in states of matter

24. Melting Point Freezing Point Boiling Point Condensation Point Changes in states of matter

25. In a physical change, the substance involved remains the same substance, even though it may change state or form. In a chemical change, the original substance is changed into one or more different substances that have different properties. Physical vs. Chemical Changes

26. Chemical or Physical? Example: A burning candle Physical: solid becomes liquid liquid becomes solid Chemical: Wax vapour becomes carbon dioxide, water and energy How can we tell that a chemical change had occurred?

27. 3 The following are clues that a chemical change has happened: Heat or light is given off Bubbles of gas are formed A new colour appears The change is difficult to reverse A solid material (called a precipitate) forms in a liquid

28. More examples 4 Chemical ChangePhysical Change tarnishing silver tearing clothes crumpling paper bleaching your hair burning toast fireworks exploding rusting bicycle melting ice cream glass breaking spoiling food boiling water sawing wood