1. Kinetic Theory
16.1

2. Warm up Name the states of matter that you know.
Give an example from your daily life about the states of matter that you mentioned.

3. Objectives Explain the kinetic theory of matter.
Describe particle movement in the four states of matter.
Explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points.

4. Introduction What happens to molecules of water as ice melts?
Why does snow melts when you hold it in your hand?
What happen when water boils?

5. Kinetic Theory How are these states alike and different?
Look at the following figure. Can you identify the states of water present?
How are these states alike and different?

6. Kinetic Theory
Kinetic theory is an explanation of how particles in matter behave.
To explain the behavior of particles, it is necessary to make some basic assumptions.

7. Movement of particles in matter

8. Thermal energy
How can frozen solid ice cube have motion? Remember to focus on the particles.
Thermal energy is the total energy of material’s particles, including kinetic (movement) and potential (resulting from forces that act within or between particles)

9. Average kinetic energy
What is your concept about temperature?
In science, temperature means the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance, or how fast the particles are moving.
Molecules have kinetic energy at all temperatures even at absolute zero or oC.
How are kinetic energy and temperature related?

10. Solid state Describe the particles in a solid.
Most solid materials have specific type of geometric in which they form when cooled.
Chemical and physical properties of solids often can be attributed to the type of geometric arrangement that the solid forms.

11. How can a solid changes into a liquid?
What is a melting point?
What is heat of fusion?

12. Liquid state Describe the particles in a liquid.
What is a melting point?
What is heat of fusion.

13. Evaporation
What is evaporation?

14. Boiling
What is boiling?

15. Evaporation and boiling

16. Boiling and heat of vaporization.
How does external pressure affect the boiling point of a liquid?

17. Gases Describe the molecules of a gas.
What happens when you put 5 ml gas in a 20 ml container? How?
What is diffusion?

18. Heating curve of a liquid

19. Will everything just be a gas?
But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels… between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?
Will everything just be a gas?

20. Plasma A plasma is an ionized gas.
A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.
Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.
Plasma is the
common state
of matter

21. States of matter

22. Some places where plasmas are found…
1. Flames

23. 2. Lightning

24. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

25. The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

26. Amorphous solids Ice melts at:0oC Gold melts at 1064 oC
Lead melts at 327 oC
Some solids have no specific melting point, they soften and directly become liquid. Those solids are called amorphous solids.
Amorphous solids don’t have ordered arrangement of particles.
Examples of amorphous solids are glass and plastic rocks obsidian (volcanic glass)

27. Liquid crystals
Are another group of materials that do not change state in the usual manner.
Have geometric order in the solid state
liquid crystals are highly responsive to temperature and electric fields.
Example are the displays of watches , clocks, calculators, some notebook computers…

28. Wrap up Explain the kinetic theory of matter Define thermal energy
How are kinetic energy and temperature related?
Describe the particle movement, shape, and volume in the four states of matter
Compare between melting and boiling points
Distinguish between heat of fusion and heat of vaporization
Compare between evaporation and boiling
Compare between state changes of water using the temperature Vs. heat graph
Explain why diffusion in gases is faster than in liquids/ solids
Explain why amorphous solids melts over a temperature range
List examples of amorphous solids.

29. Assessment H.W page: 483 # 1 till 7 SWQ 1:
: Composition of Matter
: Properties of Matter
: Kinetic Theory