1. SUN SAFETY Protecting Yourself from UV Radiation

2. Do-Now  How is the sun beneficial to humans?  What are harmful effects of the sun on humans?

3. Effects of Sun on Humans Warmth Photosynthesis Vitamin D Synthesis Kill Pathogens Phototherapy Light Sunburn Premature Ageing Immune System Damage Cancer Photosensitivity Eye Damage

4. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV What is Ultraviolet Radiation?

5. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV  The sun is the energy source that sustains all life on earth.  Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) is simply one form of energy coming from the sun.  UV radiation cannot be seen or felt.

6. Electromagnetic Spectrum

7. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV Sunlight contains 3 types of UV rays…

8. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV 1. UVA  Causes skin aging, wrinkles, and can cause cancer.  Used in tanning beds to give skin a darker color.  A light needed for vitamin D synthesis in our body.  UVA rays pass effortlessly through the ozone layer.

9. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV 2. UVB  Causes sunburns, cataracts, immune system damage, skin cancer.  Melanoma may be associated with severe UVB sunburns occurring before the age of 20.  Most UVB rays are absorbed by the ozone layer.

10. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV 3. UVC  Rays are the most dangerous.  Fortunately, these rays are blocked by the ozone layer and don’t reach the earth.

12. UV Radiation Levels Vary  Time of Day (10 am- 4pm) and Year (Summer)  Greater at high altitude  Greater at low latitudes  Clouds  Environment- UV rays are reflected off surfaces such as snow, water, sand, and concrete

13. Interesting Stat’s…  Over 90% of UV can penetrate light clouds  60% of UV is received between 10 am-2 pm  Shade can reduce UV by 50% or more  Sand reflects up to 25%  At half a meter depth in water, UV is still 40%  UV increases by 4% for each 300 m increase in altitude.  Clean snow reflects up to 80% of sun burning UV

14. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV Clouds and pollution don’t filter out all UV rays, and can give a false sense of protection. This can cause unexpected sunburn and skin damage. Be careful!

15. Ultraviolet Radiation - UV The UV Index* predicts the next day’s UV levels on a 0-10+ scale. UV Index * Developed by the National Weather Service and the EPA. UV Index Number Exposure Level Minutes to Burn 0 to 2Minimal60 3 to 4Low45 5 to 6Moderate30 7 to 9High15 10+Very high10

16. Review of UV Radiation 1. What is the worst type of UV radiation that can cause cancer? 2. What UV type causes the most skin damage? 3. List 2 ways UV radiation exposure can vary around the world. 4. Do the clouds block UV radiation? 5. What number on the UV index indicates moderate exposure to UV?

17. Effects of UV Exposure Sunburn

18. Permanent Skin Damage!

19. Effects of UV Exposure: Sunburn  Sunburn develops when the amount of UV exposure is greater than the protection your skin’s melanin can provide.  High doses of UV kills most of the cells in the upper skin layer, and cells that are not killed are damaged.  The lighter your skin, the less melanin it has to absorb UV and protect itself.  There is no such thing as a healthy tan- any color change form our natural skin color is a sign of damage!

20.  Melanin: A skin pigment. Dark- skinned people have more melanin than light- skinned people. Melanin acts as a sunscreen and protects the skin from ultraviolet light.

21. Melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes. Melanocytes increase their production of melanin in response to sun exposure. Freckles are small, concentrated areas of increased melanin production.

24. Effects of UV Exposure: Skin Ageing All skin, no matter the color, thickens and hardens with continued sun exposure, resulting in wrinkles later in life.

25. Effects of UV Exposure Skin Ageing  Compare the underside of your arm to the topside of your arm to see the effect of sun exposure on your skin.  “Sun damage” causes wrinkles, easy bruising, brown “liver” spots, sags and bags.  Up to 90% of visible changes commonly attributed to ageing may be caused by sun exposure.

26. Effects of UV Exposure: Eye Inflammation and Cataract  Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness in the world.

27. Effects of UV Exposure: Immune System  Scientists believe sunburns can alter the body’s immune system for up to 24 hours after exposure to the sun.  Repeated overexposure to UV radiation can cause more damage to the body’s immune system, even in people with dark skin.

28. Effects of UV Exposure Skin Cancer  Frequent UV exposure can cause skin cancer and accelerate cancer progression.  Currently, one in five North Americans will develop some form of skin cancer in their lifetime.  The 3 most common types of skin cancer are basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.

29. Basal Cell Carcinoma  Usually appears as a red lump or scaly area. It grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body.

30. Squamous Cell Carcinoma  Appears as a thickened red scaly spot. It tends to grow slowly but is more dangerous then basal cell as it sometimes metastasizes and can be fatal.

31. Malignant Melanoma  Is the rarest but most dangerous type of skin cancer. It may arise as a new mole or as changes in color, shape, size, or sensation of old spot.

32. Review Effects of UV Exposure… 1. Any color change for our natural skin color is a sign of what? 2. The dark skin pigment in your skin is called ________________________. 3. Where is melanin located? 4. What causes freckles? 5. What does sun damage do to your skin? 6. What is the leading cause of blindness in the world? 7. What is the most dangerous form of skin cancer?

33. Melanoma…What is it? Long Definition = Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that occurs in the pigmented-producing skin cells (melanocytes). These cells become abnormal, grow uncontrollably and aggressively invade surrounding tissues  May affect only the skin or may spread (metastasize) through the blood or lymph system to other organs and bones. Short Definition = IT IS THE MOST DEADLY FORM OF SKIN CANCER.

34. Risk Factors for Melanoma  Family history of melanoma  Fair skin  Blue, green, or hazel eyes  Many moles  History of blistering sunburns as a teen  Tendency to burn rather then suntan  Red or blonde hair  Freckling  Having had a melanoma before

36. Stages  Stage 1  Tumor has not spread. Five year survival = 95%  Stage 2  Tumor has not spread. Five year survival = 77-79%  Stage 3  Tumor has started to metastasize, spread to lymph nodes. Five year survival = 30-59%  Stage 4  Tumor as spread beyond regional lymph nodes to distant sites and organs. Five year survival = 7-19%

37. Statistics  Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the US. More than 1 million skin cancers are diagnosed annually.  Melanoma is the third most common cancer in women ages 20-39.  It Is projected that nearly 80,000 Americans will be diagnosed with melanoma in 2013. That means one person every 8 minutes.  80% of our lifetime sun exposure/sun damage occurs before the age of 18.  Exposure to tanning beds before age 35 increases melanoma risk by 75%. National Cancer Institute at the National Institutes of Health www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/melanoma

38. Statistics  One person dies every hour from Melanoma.  The American Academy of Dermatology has predicted malignant melanoma may become the number-one cause of cancer deaths in America by 2025  Skin cancer affects one in five Americans.

39. ABCDE of Diagnosis  A: Asymmetry  B: Border irregularity  C: Color - unusual or changing  D: Diameter > 6mm  E: Evolution, the Ugly Duckling

44. Only takes 5 sunburns to double your risk of cancer!

46. Treatment  For early-stage melanomas:  Surgery (or simple biopsy) to remove the melanoma spot  Treating melanomas that have spread:  Surgery  Chemotherapy  Radiation  Immunotherapy

47. Prevention  Reduce amount of time spent in the sun  When in the sun, make sure you are well-protected  Become familiar with your skin  Regularly see a dermatologist

48. Prevention  Back to statistics…  80% of our lifetime sun exposure/sun damage occurs before age 18.  Prevention efforts need to focus on creating healthy sun habits in children and adolescents  Apply sunscreen as frequently as you brush your teeth.

49. Prevention  Avoid tanning salons.

50. Avoid Tanning Salons…

51. Let’s Talk More About Tanning – The History  Being pale as possible was desirable, a long time ago, because it was a sign of wealth.

52. Tanning - History  Then came Coco Chanel in the 1920s, and a tan became a sign of wealth and the ability to afford expensive holidays.

53. The Tanning Industry  Nearly 30 million Americans frequent tanning salons every year  71% of tanning salon patrons are women and girls aged 16-29  Tanning industry makes about $5 billion annually

54. The Tanning Epidemic  Celebrities tan  The Jersey Shore GTL’s  Your friends, colleagues, & relatives may tan

55. Remember the statistic I gave you before? … Exposure to tanning beds before age 35 increases melanoma risk by 75%. Think about it…

56. 8 Hours in the sun = 15 minutes in a tanning bed  Tanning beds are 30X stronger than the sun.  Regardless of which, they both create a burn, which is…

57. Tanning  …visible proof that your skin has cellular damage.

58. Tanning Myths  Tanning beds are a safe way to tan.  Sunscreen provides complete protection from the sun  Getting a base tan protects your skin.  People with darker-toned skin don’t have to worry about sun damage.  There’s no need to worry about sun damage on a cloudy or cold day.

59. Tanning – Movement to Create Change Legislation regarding minors  At least 32 states regulate their use and require parental permission under a certain age 14, 16, or 18.  At least 11 states ban their use under the age of 14  At least 18 states require the operator to limit exposure time & provide eye protection  Source: AIM at Melanoma, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and NCSL, 2010..

60. Melanoma cases surge among young women !!  The incidence of the deadly skin cancer increased by 50% between 1980 and 2004, a study finds. Use of tanning salons is cited as one reason.

63. SPF: Sun Protection Factor  Sunscreen doesn’t offer 100% protection.  SPF 15+ sunscreen blocks 93% of UV; SPF 30+ blocks out 97%; and SPF 50+ blocks out 98%.  Sunscreen should have a SPF of at least 15 and provide protection from both UVA and UVB rays.  Using SPF 30+ instead of SPF 15+ does not mean you can safely double your time in the sun.

64. SPF: Guidelines for Protection  Apply sunscreen 30 minutes before going outside. Don’t rub it in—a light film should stay visible.  Reapply any sunscreen every two hours, even on cloudy days.  Reapply after sweating or swimming.

65. Guidelines for Protection  Sunglasses offer excellent protection.  Make sure the lenses are designed to block out 100% of UVA and UVB.  Remember to wear sunglasses even when you're in the shade.

66. Eye Damage…

67. Be sure to wear sunscreen!!

68. Guidelines for Protection  Do not burn!  Seek shade  Wear protective clothing  Use extra caution near water, snow, and sand  Check UV Index  Get vitamin D safely through your diet