2.  The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions  http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchemb ook/images/590metabolism.gif http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchemb ook/images/590metabolism.gif

3.  Anabolic and catabolic  Which reactions release energy?  Which reactions consume energy?  Which reactions break down molecules?  Which reactions build up larger molecules?  Which reactions are considered “uphill”?  What type of reaction is photosynthesis?  What type of reaction is cellular respiration?

4.  Contrast kinetic energy with potential energy.  Which type of energy does water behind a dam have? A mole of glucose?  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_da m.svg/1280px- Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/c ommons/thumb/5/57/Hydroelectric_da m.svg/1280px- Hydroelectric_dam.svg.png  http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/glucos e-molecule-11063520.jpg http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/glucos e-molecule-11063520.jpg

5.  What is free energy? What is its symbol? › Endothermic - absorbs heat, H > 0 › Exothermic - releases heat,H < 0  Reactions can also be classified according to the change in the free energy of the reaction: › Endergonic - NON-SPONTANEOUS, G > 0 › Exergonic - SPONTANEOUS, G < 0

6.  Is cellular respiration an endergonic or an exergonic reaction? What is ∆G for this reaction?  Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic? What is the energy source that drives it?  \

7.  List the three main kinds of work that a cell does. Give an example of each.  1. Chemical work  2. Transport work  3. Mechanical work

8. W Which bond is likely to break?

9.  By what process will that bond break?  When the terminal phosphate is broken, a molecule of inorganic phosphate Pi is formed, and energy is ___________?  For this reaction ATP  ADP + Pi, ∆G = ?

10.  What is energy coupling? See Fig. 8.10  In many cellular reactions, a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to some other molecule in order to make the second molecule less stable. The second molecule is said to be ____________.

11.  http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/animation s/SN2%2BE.html http://www.indiana.edu/~oso/animation s/SN2%2BE.html  What is a catalyst?  What is activation energy? See Fig. 8.14

12.  What effect does an enzyme have on E A ?  Is ∆G positive or negative?  How is ∆G affected by the enzyme?

13.  http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/m edia/ch08/08_17CatalyticCycle.jpg http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/m edia/ch08/08_17CatalyticCycle.jpg  What is meant by induced fit?  Explain how protein structure is involved in enzyme specificity.  Enzymes use a variety of mechanisms to lower activation energy. Describe four of these mechanisms.

14.  1. acting as a template for substrate orientation  2. stressing the substrates and stabilizing the transition state  3. providing a favorable microenvironment  4. participating directly in the catalytic reaction

15.  Many factors can affect the rate of enzyme action. Explain each factor listed below.  A. Initial concentration of substrate  B. pH  C. Temperature  Why can extremes of pH or very high temperatures affect enzyme activity?  Name a human enzyme that functions well in pH 2. Where is it found?

16.  Distinguish between cofactors and coenzymes. Give examples of each.  Compare and contrast competitive inhibitors and noncompetitive inhibitors.  http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/c ontent/chp06/0602001.html http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/c ontent/chp06/0602001.html