1. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Introduction to the IUCN Red Listing Process

2. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) risk of extinction The IUCN Red List assessment estimates risk of extinction What is the likelihood of a species becoming extinct in the near future, given current knowledge about population trends, range, and recent, current or projected threats?

3. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Red List Categories & Criteria All materials are freely available on IUCN Red List web site: www.iucnredlist.org

4. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Scope of Application All described taxa (species, subspecies, varieties), except micro-organisms Taxa not yet formally described, but only if they are: A clearly distinct species Museum/herbarium voucher references are provided Distribution information is available There is clear conservation benefit to assessing the species IUCN Categories and Criteria can be applied to: The IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria are: Used to assess taxa at the global level Can be used at regional levels (but see the Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional Levels) Used to assess wild populations inside their natural range (including populations resulting from benign introductions)

5. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) CR A2ace;B1ab(iii) Category: Critically Endangered Rabb’s Fringe-limbed Treefrog Ecnomiohyla rabborum Criteria & subcriteria

6. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Categories Not Evaluated (NE) Near Threatened (NT) Data Deficient (DD) Endangered (EN) Critically Endangered (CR) Vulnerable (VU) Extinct in the Wild (EW)Extinct (EX) Least Concern (LC)

7. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died Dodo, Raphus cucullatus Extinct (EX)Extinct in the Wild (EW) A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range Franklinia, Franklinia alatamaha Photo © Craig Hilton-Taylor

8. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A taxon is threatened when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for the thresholds stated in one of the three threatened categories: Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable. Critically Endangered (CR) CR taxa are considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild Mandrinette, Hibiscus fragilis Photo © Wendy Strahm Endangered (EN) EN taxa are considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild Black-browed Albatross, Thalassarche melanophrys Photo © Tony Palliser Vulnerable (VU) VU taxa are considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild Golden Pagoda, Mimetes chrysanthus Photo © Craig Hilton- Taylor

9. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Near Threatened (NT) A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN or VU now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future Macaronesian Laurel, Laurus azorica Photo © H. Fraga Least Concern (LC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for CR, EN, VU or NT. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category Olive Baboon, Papio anumbis Photo © Caroline Pollock

10. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Data Deficient (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status Tree Tomato Solanum [Cyphomandra] betacea Not Evaluated (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria

11. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Although DD and NE are not threatened categories, taxa classed as DD or NE should NOT be treated as not threatened Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE)

12. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Types of data required for IUCN Red List assessments

13. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Dealing with a lack of high quality data The threatened categories use quantitative thresholds BUT a lack of high quality data should not deter assessors from applying the IUCN criteria

14. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Acceptable types of data quality Observed Projected Estimated Inferred Suspected

15. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Observed Observed information is directly based on well-documented observations of all known individuals in the population Estimated Estimated information is based on calculations that may involve assumptions Projected Projected information is the same as “estimated”, but the variable of interest is extrapolated in time towards the future

16. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Inferred Inferred information is based on variables that are indirectly related to the variable of interest, but in the same general type of units (e.g. number of individuals or area or number of subpopulations) Suspected Suspected information is based on circumstantial evidence, or on variables in different types of units. In general, this can be based on any factor related to population abundance or distribution

17. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Information uncertainty must be taken into account when making an assessment Dealing with uncertainty Uncertainty can have a strong effect on assessments: If uncertainty causes a wide variation in possible assessments, note must be taken of the range of possibilities. Only one category is to be chosen, and the basis for that decision must be documented and should be precautionary but also reliable When there is much uncertainty associated with any given information the Data Deficient category can be applied

18. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Sources of uncertainty (Akçakaya et al. 2000): Semantic uncertainty Measurement error Natural variability Attitudes towards uncertainty Uncertainty can lead to differing assessments because different aspects of uncertainty are emphasized PrecautionaryEvidentiary

19. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Concepts and definitions underlying the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria

20. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Key terms used in the IUCN Red List criteria Population and Population Size Subpopulations Mature Individuals Generation Length Reduction Continuing Decline

21. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extreme Fluctuations Severely Fragmented Extent of Occurrence Area of Occupancy Location Quantitative Analysis Key terms used in the IUCN Red List criteria

22. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) across its global range Population is the total number of individuals of a given taxon across its global range Population size is measured as the number of mature individuals only Population and Population Size Subpopulations Subpopulations are geographically or otherwise distinct groups in the population between which there is little demographic exchange (e.g., 1 successful migrant individual or gamete per year) Mature Individuals Mature Individuals are individuals that are known, estimated or inferred to be capable of reproduction

23. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Population Size (mature individuals only) Subpopulations Population

24. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Generation Length Generation Length is the average age of parents of the current cohort (i.e., newborn individuals in the population) Greater than the age at first breeding and less than the oldest breeding individual, except in taxa that breed only once Reflects turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. Scales all time-based measurements in the criteria to account for different rates at which taxa survive and reproduce Where generation length varies under threat, use the more natural (i.e. pre-disturbance) generation length

25. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Reduction Reduction is a decline in population size of at least the % stated in criterion A over the specified time period Time Population Size Continuing Decline Continuing Decline is a recent, current or projected future decline which is liable to continue unless remedial measures are taken

26. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extreme Fluctuations Extreme Fluctuations occur in a number of taxa where population size or distribution area varies widely, rapidly and frequently, typically with a variation greater than one order of magnitude (i.e., a tenfold increase of decrease)

27. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Natural seasonal fluctuations – flux of individuals between different life stages. Not real changes in total population size, therefore not extreme fluctuation Extreme Fluctuations

28. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extreme Fluctuations Natural seasonal fluctuations, with threatening events also causing very large population size variations during reproductive seasons (e.g., dormant eggs/seeds damaged or lost). Real changes in total population size, therefore extreme fluctuation

29. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Severely Fragmented Severely Fragmented refers to the situation in which increased extinction risks to the taxon result from the fact that most of its individuals are found in relatively isolated subpopulations

30. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The existence of small and isolated habitat patches alone is not enough to consider a taxon to be severely fragmented – there should also be knowledge about the taxon’s dispersal ability Severely Fragmented Taxa with highly mobile adult stages or producing large numbers of small, mobile diaspores can disperse more easily and are not so vulnerable to isolation through fragmented habitats Taxa producing small numbers of diaspores (or none at all), or only large ones are less able to disperse over wide areas and are more easily isolated

31. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence is the area contained within the shortest continuous imaginary boundary which can be drawn to encompass all known, inferred, or projected sites presently occupied by the taxon Area of Occupancy is the area within the Extent of Occurrence which is actually occupied by the taxon (measured by overlaying a grid and counting number of occupied cells) Extent of Occurrence Area of Occupancy

32. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence Comparison of taxa with same AOO but different EOO – a single threatening event is more likely to rapidly have a major impact on the taxon with the smaller EOO than the taxon with the larger EOO: AOO = 10x4 = 40 km 2 EOO = 44 km² AOO = 10x4 = 40 km 2 EOO = 105 km² Threatening event

33. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Extent of Occurrence Comparison of taxa with same AOO but different EOO – a single threatening event is more likely to rapidly have a major impact on the taxon with the smaller EOO than the taxon with the larger EOO: AOO = 7x4 = 28 km 2 EOO = 28 km² AOO = 8x4 = 32 km 2 EOO = 82 km² One major threatening event caused: 20% decline in AOO, 22% decline in EOO, <20% decline in population size One major threatening event caused: 30% decline in AOO, 36% decline in EOO, >39% decline in population size

34. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Problems of Scale AOO = 10 x 1 = 10 units 2 AOO = 3 x 16 = 48 units 2 Grid Cells 16 units² Grid Cell = 1 unit² Area of Occupancy In many cases, a grid size of 2 km (i.e., cell area 4 km²) is an appropriate scale

35. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location Location is a geographically or ecologically distinct area in which a single threatening event can rapidly affect all individuals of the taxon

36. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 2 locations Invasive species

37. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 4 locations Pollution

38. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Location 4-5 locations Pollution

39. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Quantitative Analysis Quantitative Analysis is any form of analysis which estimates the extinction probability of a taxon based on known life history, habitat requirements, threats and any specified management options (e.g., Population Viability Analysis (PVA)) = oh ohh!

40. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) The IUCN Red List Criteria

41. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A Population reduction B Restricted geographic range C Small population size & decline Very small or restricted population D E Quantitative analysis CRITERIA Quantitative thresholds THREATENED CATEGORIES Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU) Nature of the Criteria

42. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Why use multiple criteria? All taxa being assessed must be evaluated against each criterion Meeting any one of the criteria qualifies a taxon for listing at that level of threat All criteria met at the highest level of threat should be listed Not all the criteria are appropriate to all taxa

43. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)

44. Time Population Size Criterion A Past, present or future population reduction

45. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on any of four subcriteria: A1: Population reduction in past and causes of decline now ceased A2: Population reduction in past and causes of decline ongoing A3: Population reduction expected in future A4: Population reduction in past AND future Criterion A

46. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Subcriterion A1 past reduction & causes understood & ceased & reduction is reversible Last 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer)  90% Critically Endangered  70% Endangered  50% Vulnerable Present Subcriterion A2 past reduction & causes may not be understood or may not have ceased or reduction may not be reversible  80% Critically Endangered  50% Endangered  30% Vulnerable Last 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer) Present

47. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)  50% Endangered Next 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer up to a maximum of 100 years)  80% Critically Endangered  30% Vulnerable Present Subcriterion A3 future decline Subcriterion A4 past & future  80% Critically Endangered  50% Endangered  30% Vulnerable Present 10 years or 3 generations (whichever is longer, up to a maximum of 100 years in the future) including some time in the past AND in the future

48. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 10 years / 3 generations 6.6 years / 2 generations 3.3 years / 1 generation 6.6 years / 2 generations 3.3 years / 1 generation 10 years / 3 generations Subcriterion A4 past & future: “shifting time window” Present 5 years / 1.5 generations 10 years / 3 generations

49. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) For ALL the subcriteria (A1–A4), rate of population reduction should be based on any of: (a) Direct observation (not for subcriterion A3 – future reduction) (b) An index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) A decline in: area of occupancy; extent of occurrence; and/or quality of habitat (d) Actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) The effects of: introduced taxa hybridization pathogens pollutants competitors parasites

50. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) A. A. Population reductionDeclines measured over the longer of 10 years or 3 generationsA1  90%  70%  50% A2, A3 & A4  80%  50%  30% A1. A1. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND have ceased, based on and specifying any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy (AOO), extent of occurrence (EOO) and/or habitat quality (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) Effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites A2. A2. Population reduction observed, estimated, inferred, or suspected in the past where the causes of the reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1. A3. A3. Population reduction projected or suspected to be met in the future (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (b) to (e) under A1. A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population reduction (up to a maximum of 100 years) where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the causes of reduction may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (a) to (e) under A1. Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable

51. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: Reduction in population size may be a one-off event, or may be continuing Subcriterion A1 has higher thresholds than the other sub-criteria the reduction isFor subcriterion A1, causes of population decline must be understood AND must have ceased AND the reduction is reversible Subcriterion A3 based on declines projected into the FUTURE, therefore it cannot be based on direct observation Subcriterion A4 (the “shifting time window”) must include some time in the past AND some time in the future All time measurements are based on ten years OR 3 generations whichever is the longer time period (100 year time cap in future) Criterion A

52. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B Restricted geographic range and fragmentation, continuing decline or extreme fluctuations

53. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on either of two subcriteria: B1: Estimated extent of occurrence AND / OR B2: Estimated area of occupancy Criterion B AND at least TWO of a-c: a. Severely fragmented or few locations b. Continuing decline c. Extreme fluctuations

54. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B B1, B2 a, b, c

55. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B Subcriterion B1 Extent of occurrence estimated to be: EN VU < 100 km² < 20,000 km² < 5,000 km² Subcriterion B2 Area of occupancy estimated to be: CR < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km²

56. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion B a. Severely fragmented or # locations: EN VU  10 5 5 5 51 CR AND at least TWO of a, b or c: b. Continuing decline in any of the following : (i) (i)EOO (ii) (ii)AOO (iii) (iii)Area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) (iv) # locations or subpopulations (v) (v)# mature individuals c. Extreme fluctuation in any of the following : (i) (i)EOO (ii) (ii)AOO (iii) (iii) # locations or subpopulations (iv) (iv) # mature individuals

57. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable B. B. Geographic range in the form of either B1 (extent of occurrence) AND/OR B2 (area of occupancy) B1. Extent of occurrence < 100 km² < 5,000 km² < 20,000 km² B2. Area of occupancy < 10 km² < 500 km² < 2,000 km² AND at least 2 of the following (a) Severely fragmented, OR Number of locations Number of locations = 1 ≤ 5≤ 5≤ 5≤ 5 ≤ 10 (b) Continuing decline in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat; (iv) number of locations or subpopulations; (v) number of mature individuals (c) Extreme fluctuations in any of: (i) extent of occurrence; (ii) area of occupancy; (iii) number of locations or subpopulations; (iv) number of mature individuals

58. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: Subcriterion B1 is based on extent of occurrence, while sub-criterion B2 is based on area of occupancy Either subcriteria B1 or B2, or both may apply To fully qualify for a listing under criterion B, the taxon must meet at least two of the subcriteria a, b or c Subcriterion B1a / B2a may be based on either severe fragmentation OR number of locations – please remember the definitions of these terms when applying them Criterion B

59. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Small population size and continuing decline Extinct Criterion C

60. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on small population size AND either C1 or C2: Criterion C C1: Continuing decline in population size at a specified rate OR C2: Continuing decline in population size at any, unspecified rate AND either C2a or C2b: C2a:(i) very small subpopulations, OR (ii) most mature individuals are in one subpopulation C2b:extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals

61. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion C Thresholds for criterion C Population size is estimated at: EN VU < 250 mature individuals CR < 2,500 mature individuals < 10,000 mature individuals

62. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion C Subcriterion C1 Estimated continuing decline of: EN VU  25% within 3 years or 1 generation CR  20% within 5 years or 2 generations  10% within 10 years or 3 generations

63. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion C Subcriterion C2 Observed, projected or inferred continuing decline at any rate EN VU < 50 mature individuals CR < 250 mature individuals < 1,000 mature individuals AND at least one of the following: C2a(i). All subpopulations have:  90% of the mature individuals  95% of the mature individuals 100% of the mature individuals C2a(ii). One subpopulation contains: C2b. There are extreme fluctuations in number of mature individuals

64. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable C. C. Small population size and decline Number of mature individuals < 250 < 2,500 < 10,000 AND either C1 or C2: C1. An estimated continuing decline of at least: 25% in 3 years or 1 generation 20% in 5 years or 2 generations 10% in 10 years or 3 generations (b) extreme fluctuations in the number of mature individuals (up to a maximum of 100 years in future) C2. A continuing decline AND (a) and/or (b): (a i) number of mature individuals in each subpopulation: < 50 < 250 < 1,000 (a ii) or % individuals in one subpopulation = 90-100%95-100% 100%

65. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: The population size threshold must be met before considering the thresholds for subcriteria C1 or C2 Subcriterion C1 is based on continuing decline at a specified rate and over a very specific time period Subcriterion C2 is based on continuing decline at any, unspecified rate, but the taxon must also meet the requirements for subcriteria C2a or C2b Criterion C

66. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Very small or restricted population Criterion D

67. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Criterion D Criterion D is split into D for the CR and EN categories; and D1 and D2 for the VU category. EN VU < 50 mature individuals CR < 250 mature individuals < 1,000 mature individuals D. Total current population size estimated as: D1. Total current population size estimated as: D2. The population has a very restricted AOO (typically <20 km²) or is known from very few locations (typically ≤5). NOTE: for the VU D2, there should be a plausible threat that is likely to rapidly affect the population.

68. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable D. Very small or restricted population Either: Number of mature individuals < 50 < 250 D1. < 1,000 AND / OR AND / OR D2. typically: AOO < 20 km² or number of locations 5 AOO < 20 km² or number of locations ≤ 5 VU D2. Restricted area of occupancy or number of locations with a plausible future threat that could drive the taxon to CR or EX in a very short time.

69. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Points to remember: Criterion D has population size thresholds that apply to categories CR and EN only Subcriteria D1 and D2 apply to the VU category only Subcriterion D2 should be used when a population has a very restricted range such that it is prone to the effects of human activities or stochastic events within a very short time period When using subcriterion D2, the most serious plausible threat to the species should be stated in the assessment In subcriterion D2, the values for AOO and number of locations are given as examples only Criterion D

70. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Quantitative analysis = oh ohh! Criterion E

71. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Based on quantitative analysis showing a probability of extinction in the wild is at least: Within 10 years or 3 generations Within 20 years or 5 generations Within 100 years 50% Critically Endangered 10% Vulnerable 20% Endangered Up to a maximum of 100 years in the future Criterion E

72. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Use any of the criteria A-E Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable E. Quantitative analysis Indicating the probability of extinction in the wild to be:  50% in 10 years or 3 generations (100 years max)  20% in 20 years or 5 generations (100 years max)  10% in 100

73. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) All species in the Red List have supporting documentation Justifies the selected category and criteria Allows analysis of Red List data (information coded using standard Classification Schemes) RED LIST DOCUMENTATION Taxonomy including authority details Common names Red List Category and Criteria Countries of occurrence Map of distribution Rationale for the assessment (supporting the criteria used) Names of assessors & contributors Habitat preferences (text & codes) Major Threats (text and codes) Conservation Measures in place & needed (text and codes) Trade and Use Citations list Reasons for any category changes

74. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Thank you! Questions?