1. The Greek Way Mycenaeans/MinoansLycurgus polisSolon The Iliad/The OdysseyPericles Delian LeagueAlexander of Macedon Peloponnesian WarBattle of Marathon Greek HumanismEunomia

2. I. Early Bronze Age, 2500-1200 BCE A. Minoan civilization

3. 1. Came to Crete and Greece from Asia Minor a. Civilization lasted nearly 1500 years, 2600-1100 BC 2. Evolved from neolithic to complex art and skilled labor

4. 3. Minos and the palace at Knossos

5. a. legend of the Minotaur b. Minoans actually unwarlike

6. c. Women in Minoan civilization - Minoans had many female gods - women maintained strong public presence in religious and civic rituals - women participated in virtually all sports that men did

7. 3. 1600-1100 BCE, war and earthquakes destroyed Minoans 4. Mycenaeans invade Crete, take some refinements of Minoan civilization back to Greek mainland a. The Mycenaeans were very warlike b. Their wars provided the backdrop of the Trojan War1200 BCE

8. Map of Trojan War

9. B. The Greek Dark Ages, 1200-800 1. Strain of war and natural disasters brought down Mycenaean civilization 2. Failure of this civilization caused Mycenaeans to flee Greek mainland a. Greek culture, ideas, writing could be found all over the Mediterranean b. when Greek civilization would revive after 800, there would be colonies of receptive Greeks

10. Greek culture, like Western Civilization in general, would come to represent an idea, a set of shared values and assumptions. Western (Greek) Civilization was not bound by geography, but it could be exported. When would they export Greek ideas?

11. C. Homer and the revitalization of Greek Culture, 800 1. Homer the poet became fascinated with Mycenaean, Minoan, and even Trojan heros 2. Saw the Trojan War as an example of heroic individualism

12. a. The Iliad and The Odyssey - gods show up, but have very human qualities b. These epic poems stress human motivation and qualities - the heroes and villains are men c. Mycenaeans victorious over “eastern” Trojans

13. II. Archaic Greece, 700-500 BCE

14. A. Causes for revitalization 1. Population Growth a. Need for more complex government -- in the Dark Ages, Greek society organized around kin groups b. Agriculture was not capable of supporting growing populations, and so Greek peoples had to band together to conquer more territory

15. B. Political innovations 1. Polis = city state

16. a. villages clustered around forts b. Each city controlled hinterland c. Each city had own government d. Polis depended on all people for defense, not just aristocratic warriors - those who owned land and fought for polis earned the right to take part in politics = political rights

17. 2. Tyranny a. Early tyrants desired because they brought order b. Frequently pandered to lower classes for support c. “absolute power corrupts…absolutely”

18. 3. Ionian philosophy = “rationalism” a. Natural world made up of concrete elements b. Universe was not random c. Gods did not really take part in everyday life

19. Thales of Miletus, 624 BCE “father of Greek philosophy” material substance explains all natural phenomena “water” was the basic, elemental building block of nature

20. Anaximander of Miletus The Earth was the center of the universe “mechanistic” interpretation of the universe

21. Pythagoras of Samos, 529 BCE

22. a 2 + b 2 = c 2 Pythagorean Theorem

23. The universe and nature can be understood mathematically -- Humanistic = if nature is mathematical, and people can do math, they can understand nature -- predict, “know the mind of the gods”

24. Homer encourages Greeks to take pride in their past Ionian philosophers encourage Greeks to separate thought from myth Humanistic ethic permeates politics, art, attitudes toward the body, nature

25. C. Greek Humanism during the Archaic period 1. Placing higher status on human worth 2. Art - focus away from animals or vague human forms

26. Kourous from Sounion

27. Dionysos = pottery painted humans with gods, interacting as if with other people

28. 3. Most polises developed cults of particular gods and Homerian heroes = almost equal = link the polis with mythical and “glorious” past

29. 4. Athletics

31. III. 3 Case studies from Archaic Greece Corinth, Sparta, and Athens

32. A. Corinth

33. 1. Early trade leader 2. 650 BCE, Corinthian “enlightened” tyrants standardize, rationalize govt. a. Divide people into regions, inhibit “tribal” identity b. free men could elect representatives to council of tyrant

34. 3. People accepted tyranny in exchange for order Temple of Apollo Doric Architecture

36. B. Sparta 1. 800 BCE, Sparta sharply divided between aristocrats and “helots” - helots were a conquered people who were free but worked on land owned by Spartans - helot greatly outnumbered Spartans a. Strict hierarchical system necessary for early Spartan survival between Dark Ages and Archaic Period

37. 2. Military, natural disasters around 600 BCE led to reforms of Lycurgus - semi-mythical leader - studied in Ionia, read the works of Homer

38. a. Lycurgus encouraged Spartans of all classes to put the community the first, personal needs 2nd b. All Spartans expected to contribute to the commnity: no “weak links” - weak children left to die - Sparta became a military state Leonidas

39. - helots allowed to own slaves * they remained unequal, but given a greater stake in society 3. Sparta governed by “Principle of Eunomia” a. all personal doings were business of the community b. service to the state came before all other obligations

40. 4. Goal of Spartans was to become an “Equal” a. All boys and girls had to undergo athletic/military training b. To become an “Equal,” young boys raised by mentor *mentor, as the representative of the state, was the most important relationship of the boy’s life -- loyalty, status dependent on place in the state, not in the family

41. C. Athens

42. 1. Mycenaean city that survived Dark Ages 2. Between 700-600, plagued by bad tyrants 3. Solon empowered to reform city Some wicked men are rich, some good men poor, But I would rather trust in what's secure; Our virtue sticks with us and makes us strong, But money changes owners all day long. Some wicked men are rich, some good men poor, But I would rather trust in what's secure; Our virtue sticks with us and makes us strong, But money changes owners all day long.

43. a. Freed all Athenians who sold themselves into slavery to pay off debts - obsession with wealth corrupted men - obsession with military cowed men b. People should be molded to be virtuous, politics/society should reflect that - poor but free people had “virtue”: hard work, honesty, appreciation for a day’s work * free peasantry would become basis of Athenian society

44. IV. Classical Greece, 500-323 BCE The Heights of Greek Civilization and the causes of Its Decline

45. A. Athenian Empire 1. The Battle of Marathon, 490 BCE Athenian and Spartan hoplites = infantrymen

46. Persian soldiers of Darius II Greek phalanx

47. a. citizen-soldiers of Athens defeat mercenary and slave army of the Persians - heightened status of free men - Persians (Easterners) threatened all Greeks, chance to prove both Athenian and Greek “superiority”

48. 2. Athenians came to see their institutions as superior to even that of other Greek polises a. Pericles, ca. 450 BCE - all free men could vote, own property - people possessed inherent virtue - selected representatives to the demos - all free men could serve on juries - encouraged Athenians to expand territory to acquire land

49. B. The Delian League and the limits of democracy 1. Forced alliance between Athens and several other polises 2. Increased economic opportunities and wealth of Athens, spread of Athenian culture - number of slaves increased as prosperity grew

50. 3. women cut out of political/public life - fathers arranged marriages for daughters - girls expected to retain virginity until marriage - prosperity/property ownership in Athens, heirs more important than wives

51. C. The Peloponnesian War, 431- 404 BCE 1. Sparta, Corinth feared growing economic power of Athens and Delian League 2. Resented Athenians’ sense of superiority

52. 3. Athens had initial naval advantage, Sparta had advantage on land

53. 4. Impact of the Peloponnesian War a. Athens lost its empire, superiority - failure of Athenian democracy led to intense reassessment of human nature, politics b. Sparta’s heavy-handed attempt to rule Greece was unpopular c. set the stage for outside conquest Philip and Alexander of Macedon

54. C. Late Classical Athens, Age of Introspection 1. Socrates a. “Socratic Method,” dialogue or dialectic b. knowledge was virtue, virtue did not come from gods, was not inherent - virtue was developed from within c. necessary to challenge all popular beliefs d. Inquiry focus less on the natural world, more on the personal: “The unexamined life is not worth living.”

55. d. Socrates irritated city fathers, public opinion (and undemocratic rulers of Athens) *it’s not enough to set men free, you have to free their minds

56. 2. Plato, The Republic a. why did Athenian democracy fail? b. Allegory of the Cave - people cannot trust their own senses c. best form of government was “philosoper-king”

57. 3. Aristotle a. could use the Socratic, rational dialogue to achieve knowledge b. but, you could trust your senses if you utilized empirical data, careful observation - study of data over the long term would minimize errors of senses - along with rationalism, would comprise an early basis of scientific method

58. D. the Humanities in Classical Athens 1. Greek Drama a. focus less on gods, more on human dilemmas Sophocles, Antigone

59. 2. History a. Herodotus, “The Father of History” 1. history should be based on study of evidence 2. History should have a “lesson,” or thesis i.e. Student of the Persian wars against Greece

60. V. The Hellenistic Period

61. A. Spread of Greek Culture 1. Greek language became a “common” language in much of the ancient world 2. Much of what we know about ancient peoples comes from Greeks who conquered 3. In unifying the Mediterranean and Near East, it would make later conquest (Roman) easier