1. Hydropower and Water Turbines Renewable Energy Resources Hydropower

2. Objectives: To design and construct a water wheel, using the principles of hydropower, which will lift the greatest possible load. Demonstrate understanding of the required parts of a hydropower turbine. Utilize mechanical and conceptual skills through construction and operation of a model hydropower turbine. Hydropower

3. Does water have energy? If so, what type of energy? What does water need to be doing to utilise its energy? Hydropower

4. Reminder: PotentialKinetic Gravitational Potential – energy due to the position of an object. Chemical Potential – energy present within the chemical bonds of a substance. Elastic potential – energy of a stretched or compressed object. Nuclear potential – energy of particles inside an atomic nucleus. Radiant solar energy – the motion of EMR Sound energy – the motion of sound waves Electrical energy – the motion of flowing electrons Thermal energy – the motion of particles

5. Hydropower and Water Turbines Lake Tyin near Årdal, Norway Hydropower

6. According to Norway’s Ministry of Petroleum and Energy Norway has the world's largest per capita hydropower production. Norway is the 6th largest hydropower producer in the world. In a year with normal precipitation, hydropower generation is around 120 Terawatt hours per year, corresponding to approximately 99 % of Norway's total power production. Source: Ministry of Petroleum and EnergyMinistry of Petroleum and Energy

7. Hydropower History in Norway The largest hydropower development projects were carried out between 1970 and 1985, when installed capacity increased on an average of 4.1 per cent per year. Towards the end of the 1980s, Norway’s rate of hydropower development declined. Source: Ministry of Petroleum and EnergyMinistry of Petroleum and Energy

8. Hydropower History in Norway Since the beginning of the 1990s, addition of new production capacity has been consistently low. Capacity increased by 800 MW from 1993 to 2005. The increase in the 1990s was primarily due to refurbishment and upgrading of old power stations, which resulted in better utilisation of existing power stations. Source: Ministry of Petroleum and EnergyMinistry of Petroleum and Energy

9. Hydropower in Canada Provides 60% of Canada’s electricity and is a cornerstone of Canada’s economy. 3rd Largest hydro producer in the world. 355 Terawatt hours per year of electricity produced. Source: Canadian Hydropower AssociationCanadian Hydropower Association

10. Comparison of hydropower produced Norway – 120 Terawatt hours per year (5 million people) Canada – 355 Terawatt hours per year (35 million people) Sweden? – 65 Terawatt hours per year (9.5 million people)

11. Not a “new” idea… Watermill of Braine-le-Château, Belgium (12th century)

12. Hydropower But far more efficient now! Converting over 90% of available energy into electricity, hydropower is the most efficient source of electrical energy. By comparison, the best fossil fuel power plants operate at approximately 60% efficiency. Source: Canadian Hydropower AssociationCanadian Hydropower Association

13. Hydropower We have seen how it works. What components make it the most efficient? Let’s design and test our knowledge.

14. Most is created when a stored potential energy of water in a reservoir behind a dam is converted to kinetic energy (motion) as it falls through a penstock (pipes and or channels) to a turbine.

15. Hydropower The motion of the turbine's electro- magnets interacts with the coils of a generator to create electrical energy.

16. Hydropower Challenge: Can you design a water wheel to raise a maximum amount of weight?

17. Hydropower Challenge: Step 1: Design – Things to consider: a. Fin size (small to larger) b. Fin shape c. Number of fins d. Organization of fins

18. Source Adapted from Power SleuthPower Sleuth