1. EGS1003: Section on International Environmental Justice and the Climate Change Challenge Mary Lawhon (marylawhon@gmail.com)marylawhon@gmail.com This work by Mary Lawhon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

2.  To some extent, there is a general agreement that carbon markets are one way through which to respond to climate change  This is intentionally a very vague sentence!  So, how do we do this? (the following slides are based on a synthesis of Bond 2010, 2011, and Lohman 2006)

3.  Efficient ◦ Costs can be shared internationally ◦ The best technologies will succeed  Fair ◦ Not about government deciding who gets what, but based on willingness to pay  Tried & tested ◦ There are precedents for market-based (environmental) regulation  Based on ecological modernization

4.  Clean Environment is Good for Business  Environmental protection is a source of economic growth  Green products are a new market By Sean Wilson/ SEI

5.  Proper incentives  Reconceptualisation by business & govt & society  North should transfer technology to South for environmental protection  Powerful public commitment to science  Strong environmental consciousness

6.  Rights and assets worth billions of dollars were created by Kyoto  Eventually these rights get taken away to reduce carbon emissions  Who gets these property rights? And how do they get them?  How to we measure/enforce?

7.  Property conjured up by regulation  Dependent, even more than ordinary private property is, on: ◦ a centralised, complex system of government control ◦ belief/assurance in the rights that go with the property (that it won’t be taken away)

8.  Theoretically: creates an incentive for new investments in technologies  In practice, much of the costs are simply passed on to consumers (with companies making profits)

9.  There is now a growing interest- from politicians as well as business- in developing carbon markets  But for whose benefit?  And with what impact for the climate?  And the poor?

12. Lohman, Larry. 2006. Carbon Trading: A Critical Conversation on Climate Change, Privatisation and Power. The Corner House. http://www.dhf.uu.se/pdffiler/DD2006_48_carbon_trading/carbon_trading_web.pd f