1. UN HABITAT—Human Settlements Programme LVWATSAN—Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Initiative James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant 1 of 12 <<<<<<>>>>>>> 15 TH I NTERNATIONAL A FRICAN W ATER C ONGRESS AND E XHIBITION W ATER AND S ANITATION P ERSPECTIVE AND C HALLENGES R ELATING TO E NERGY AND C LIMATE C HANGE <<<<<<>>>>>>> A LTERNATIVE RENEWABLE E NERGY OPTIONS FOR WATER PRODUCTION FOR S MALL TOWNS IN T HE L AKE V ICTORIA R EGION C OMMONWEALTH R ESORT, M UNYONYO, K AMPALA, U GANDA : 15 TH —18 TH M ARCH 2010<<<<<<>>>>>>> B Y J AMES M URAGE : I NFRASTRUCTURE C ONSULTANT

2. Some Key Towns under LVWATSAN in Kenya James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 2

3. I NTRODUCTION 3 Energy challenge around Lake Victoria Virtually all major towns around L. Victoria depend on pumping (mostly electricity) for production of water. In Kenya, the main towns in the LVWATSAN programme area near the shores of the lake are three, namely: Kisumu (700,000) Homa Bay (100,000) Kisii (250,000 Out of these, Kisii and Homa Bay have been supported by LVWATSAN and have recorded enormous changes in terms of revenue generation and profitability over a period of three years. Kisii monthly surplus rose from (-ve) 2,500,000 to (+ve) 300,000 with 4 x increase in revenue; Homa Bay monthly surplus rose from (-ve) 1,600,000 to (+) 0 with a 5 x increase in revenue. James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

4. James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 4 Borehole sources for Ukwala water supply Chemosit-Low lift raw water pumps Ukwala-Borehole sources Sega-Borehole intakes Kendu Bay-Submersible intake pump

5. W ATER SUPPLY DESIGN COMPONENTS 5 Typical water project components: Intake works (river, lake or marsh, borehole/well, spring) Treatment works (partial or full) Storage tanks (ground or elevated) Pipe network (main and distribution) Distribution points (house connections, communal water points, water kiosks) NOT Non-Conventional Electricity production units James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

6. R ELEVANT S ECTOR RELATED FUNDING AREAS (K ENYA ) 6 The main areas of funding relating to energy options in Kenya are:  Infrastructure—Water supply  Health—water and sanitation  Energy James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

7. C ONVENTIONAL E NERGY O PTIONS FOR WATER PRODUCTION 7 Diesel/Petrol-gasoline pumps and generators Direct water energy, as in Hydrams (hydraulic rams) Electricity grid mains power Solar Energy NOT micro-hydropower NOT biogas. James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

8. E NERGY LEGISLATION AND F INANCING P RACTICE 8 Production of electrical energy is permitted; Distribution is not permitted outside the land parcel in which the energy is produced; Sale of electrical energy to the grid, which is often not nearby such an initiative, is usually difficult as a result of lack of the power grid nearby. The Water legislation does not provide for production of electricity away from the intake area, e.g. a GenSet or Hydram. The latter two energy options have not been taken up for water production (in the region), for several reasons, but these are considered to be the key to lowering energy costs and provide sanitation to the really urban poor. James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

9. E NERGY C OST COMPARISON 9 One of the most cost effective energy sources in Kenya is largely conventional hydropower, for which investment cost currently stands at Kshs.250,000 (US$ 34,000) per kw installed (using the cost of Sondu Miriu Hydropower plant which is about to be completed). Micro-hydropower production by communities started as a livelihood activity around 2002, with the then ITDG (intermediate technology development group). This is slowly catching up in the country, but is constrained by funding. The sizes are largely in the range of 100—300kw and the unit cost being around Kshs. 100,000 (US$ 13,400) per kw 40% of a conventional hydropower production plant). However, acceptance of micro-hydropower by water supply utilities (service providers) or by communities to run water supplies is far from being realized. James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

10. James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 10 E XAMPLE OF C OMMUNITY D EVELOPED AND MANAGED M ICRO - HYDROPOWER PLANT IN M T. K ENYA

11. I MPACT ON SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER UTILITIES : Micro-hydro power for Kisii town 11 James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

12. I MPACT ON SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER UTILITIES : Biogas production for Homa Bay town 12 Production of 6,000m 3 /month for 1,000 daily users, which can produce 3,600kwH/month @ 0.6kwH/m 3, (or 120kwH per day); Unit Cost with no user pay is Kshs.27/kwH or Kshs.14/kwH if toilet paper is discounted; Unit cost with partial user fee of Kshs.1 per use per adult for 3 uses per day with children discounted, and income of Kshs.90,000, will be Kshs.1.70/kwH or Kshs.1.00/kwH if toilet paper is discounted. (100 toilet papers = Kshs.1,500/day and 10m 3 /day = Kshs.500/day and 6 attendants = Kshs.1,200/day: Total = Kshs.3,200/day; or Kshs.96,000/month reduced to Kshs.48,000 if toilet paper is discounted) James Murage - Senior Infrastructure Consultant

13. I MPACT ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 13 Cost of water for low-income household of 5 @ 20l/cap/day : Cost = 0.022 US$/hh/day (or 2.2% of income). This will open the opportunity to have this lowered considerably. The full cost to the user is Kshs.3 per use; which could be reduced to Kshs.1 per use if only toilet paper is taken into account, while the electricity produced pays for the other costs.

14. I MPACT ON THE ECONOMY James Murage - Senior Infrstructure Consultant 14 The benefits of providing safe water and sanitation to people is important to the health sector but much more to the patients, and disproportionately high with regards to children under (infant mortality), which is about 89% of all benefits.