1. The Consonants
Fricatives

2. Articulatory Description
For consonants, three-part classification system:
1) Voicing
2) Place (of articulation)
3) Manner (of articulation)
e.g., [v]: voiced labiodental fricative

3. 1) voicing Voicing: what is happening at the LARYNX?
Are the vocal folds spread apart (voiceless), or are they close together and vibrating (voiced)?

4. Voiceless Voiced [p] pat [b] bat [t] tie [d] die [k] kill [g] gill
[f] fat [v] vat
[s] sip [z] zip
[T] thigh [D] thy
[S] dilution [Z] delusion
[tS] etch [dZ] edge

6. 2) Place
Place (of articulation): WHERE in the vocal tract is the constriction being made?

7. Places of articulation

8. 3) Manner
Manner (of articulation): HOW is the air being modified as it moves through the vocal tract?

9. Manner and Place of articulation
Let’s take a look at the consonantal section of the IPA chart
Which is “manner”? which is “place”
LING3330
( )

10. Fricatives Fricatives:
They are sounds made by narrowing of the air passage until the air is interfered with and causes friction.
* Friction is caused when air is pushed out the narrow opening.

11. labio-dental dental alveolar postalveolar
Places of articulation: fricatives
labio-dental
dental
alveolar
postalveolar
(palato-alveolar)

12. Fricatives in English /f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/ Bilabial
Labio
dental
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Fricative
/f/
/v/
/θ/ 
 /ð/
/s/
/z/
/ʃ/ 
/ʒ/
/h/

13. Features:
unvoiced
dental
fricative
think

14. Features:
voiced
dental
fricative ð
this

15. Uses upper teeth and tongue tip/blade.
/θ/
/ð/
Uses upper teeth and tongue tip/blade.
example
Month: /mʌnθ/
Mouth: /maʊð/
Place of articulation
dental
voicing
voiceless
voiced
strength
Strong
/tu:θ/
The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant.
Weak
/smu:ð/
the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant
friction
more
less
vowel
Shortens the preceding vowel
Lengthens the preceding vowel

16. Tips Practicing Ordinal numbers A: When is your birthday?
Third, forth, fifth
A: When is your birthday?
B: July fourteenth.
A: What street are you on?
B: Northwest fifth street

17. Features:
unvoiced
labiodental
fricative f
fine, life

18. Features:
voiced
labiodental
fricative v
very clever

19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n2pRcsupLuI&feature =related
e=related

20. Uses upper teeth and lower lip.
/f/
/v/
Uses upper teeth and lower lip.
example
Place of articulation
labiodental
voicing
voiceless
voiced
strength
Strong
The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant.
Weak
the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant
friction
more
less
vowel
Shortens the preceding vowel
Lengthens the preceding vowel

21. Features:
unvoiced
alveolar
fricative s
sea

22. Features:
voiced
alveolar
fricative z
zero

23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2dHZnNHTdQ&feat ure=related

24. Uses alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade.
/z/
Uses alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade.
example
sibilant
Sibilant (sounds produced with a hissing sound)
Place of articulation
alveolar
voicing
voiceless
voiced
strength
Strong
The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant.
Weak
the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant
friction
more
less
vowel
Shortens the preceding vowel
Lengthens the preceding vowel

25. Features:
unvoiced
postalveolar
fricative
she, pressure

26. Features:
voiced
postalveolar
fricative
measure

27.
re=related

28. Uses rear of alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade.
[ʃ]
[ʒ]
Uses rear of alveolar ridge and tongue tip/blade.
example
sibilant
Sibilant (sounds produced with a hissing sound)
Place of articulation
Post-alveolar (palato - alveolar)
voicing
voiceless
voiced
strength
Strong
The vowel is shorter because followed by stronger consonant.
Weak
the vowel is long because followed by a weaker consonant
friction
more
less
vowel
Shortens the preceding vowel
Lengthens the preceding vowel

29. ENGLISH FRICATIVES PLACE OF ARTICULATION a) dental b) labiodental
c) alveolar d) palatoalveolar

30. Features:
unvoiced
glottal
fricative h
home

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUMVSsYPeUc&featu re=related

32. [h] Voiceless Glottal (produced in the glottis) Fricative
Always followed by a vowels.
/h/ pronounced according to the vowel that follows
Between vowels the /h/ becomes voiced
The /h/ never occurs at the end of English words.

33. Minimal word pair Same number of phonemes Different in one phoneme
Same order of phonemes
Different meanings
end