1. The Periodic Table of Elements

2. What is the Periodic Table?
It is an organizational system for elements.
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3. Why is the Periodic Table Important?
The periodic table is the most useful tool to a chemist.
It organizes lots of information about all the known elements

4. Remember that an Element
Is a pure substance made up of one kind of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means
90 occur naturally on earth
25 were synthesized (made) by scientists
Element Song

5. Who created the it? Dmitri Mendeleev
In 1869, Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev proposed arranging elements by atomic weights and properties.
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6. Mendeleev’s Published Periodic Table of Elements
Why do you think there are question marks here?
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7. Who was Henry Moseley?
Arranged elements by atomic number instead of mass
Realized that there were undiscovered elements
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8. So how is it arranged?
The genius of the periodic table “is that it is organized like a big grid. The elements are placed in specific places because of the way they look and act. If you have ever looked at a grid, you know that there are rows (left to right) and columns (up and down). The periodic table has rows and columns, too, and they each mean something different.”
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9. Periods =Rows
Even though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows go left to right. When you look at a periodic table, each of the rows is considered to be a different period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.)
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10. Groups=Columns
The periodic table has a special name for its columns, too. When a column goes from top to bottom, it's called a group.
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11. The Modern Periodic Table (3 main categories)
Class
Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid

12. What metal is not a solid
Metals
Location
Found on the left of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
Chemical Properties
Reactivity- ease and speed with which an element combines with other elements or compounds
Have few electrons in their outer energy level, thus lose electrons easily
Physical Properties
ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, shiny, most are room temperature 79 Au 11 Na
22.990
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What metal is not a solid
@ room temperature?

13. Atoms with Few Electrons in their Outer Energy Level11 Na
22.990
Notice: only 1 electron in outer level + - + - 4 Be
9.012
Notice: only 2 electrons in outer level

14. Non-Metals
Location
Most found to the right of the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
Chemical Properties
Most have almost full outer energy levels, thus they tend to gain electrons; some have completely full outer level
Physical Properties
not ductile or malleable, Dull, Brittle , poor conductors, most are solid, but some are gas at room temperature 17 Cl
35.453
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32.066
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15. Atoms with Full or Almost Full Outer Energy Level+ - 8 O
15.999
    + -
Notice: 2 electrons in outer level – FULL 2 He
4.003 + -
Notice: 6 electrons in outer level – almost full
Notice: 7 electrons in outer level – almost full 9 F
18.998

16. Metalloids
Location
Border the zigzag line/staircase on the periodic table
Chemical Properties
Outer electron shells are about half-full
Physical Properties
have properties of both metals and non-metals 14 Si
28.086
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10.811
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17. Atoms with ½ (≈) Complete Outer Energy Level+ -
Notice: only 4 electrons in outer level
                    5 B
10.811 + -
Notice: only 3 electrons in outer level 14 Si
28.086

18. Coloring Periodic Table (Homework)
Title “The Periodic Table of Elements”
Create Element Key
Draw Zigzag
Number periods and groups
Color Metals ORANGE
Color Nonmetals BLUE
Color Metalloids GREEN

19. The periodic table is divided into horizontal rows called PERIODS
Periods are numbered 1-7
How many
periods (rows)
are on the
Periodic Table
Of Elements?
FROM LEFT TO RIGHT OR RIGHT TO LEFT

20. Period (Row) Properties
Seven periods on a periodic table (numbered from the top down)
Atomic numbers and atomic masses increase as you move from the left to the right in a period
All atoms of the elements in the same period have the same number of orbitals/levels
Example
Period 1 = 1 orbital
Period 2 = 2 orbitals
Period 3 = 3 orbitals
Etc…

21. Examples of Period (Row) elements having the same number of orbitals/levels in their atoms+ - + -
In what period (row) do
you think these atoms
reside? + - + -
In what period (row) do
you think these atoms
reside?

22. How many groups (families)
The Periodic Table is divided into vertical columns: Group (Family)
each column of elements on the periodic table 1-18
How many groups (families)
are on the
Periodic Table
Of Elements?
FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR BOTTOM TO THE TOP

23. Group (Family) Properties
18 groups (numbered from left to right)
Atoms of elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons
Exceptions:
Transition elements (3-12)
Helium (actually has 2 valence electrons)
Elements in groups usually have similar physical and chemical properties
Families have names rather than numbers (just like your family)

24. Examples of Group 1 Elements with the same # of valence electrons
                          
How many electrons do each of these atoms have in their outer orbital/level? 87 Fr
(223) 55 Cs 37 Rb
85.468 19 K
39.098 11 Na
22.990 3 Li
6.941 1 H
1.008 + -
What group (family) do these elements reside in?

25. Group (Family) Names Alkali Metals Alkaline Earth Metals Noble Gases
Boron Group
Carbon Group
Nitrogen Group
Oxygen Group
Halogens
Transition Metals

26. Identify the Element Period 5 – Group 2  Group 4 – Period 7 
Rutherfordium - Rf
Strontium - Sr
Carbon - C
Astatine - At

27. Using the Periodic Table
The boxes that make up the periodic table contain a significant amount of information. To understand this information, it is necessary to refer to the periodic table’s key(s) 8 O
Oxygen
15.999
Atomic Number
(Number of protons)
Element Symbol
(Written with a capital letter or a capital followed by a lower case if two letters )
Element Name
Atomic Mass
(Rounded to a whole number, equals
the number of protons and neutrons)
Class
Color
Metal
Non-Metal
Metalloid
State
Room Temp.)
Symbol Color
Solid
Liquid
Gas
What is Oxygen’s physical state of matter?
Which class does Oxygen fall into?

28. Hydrogen Hydrogen belongs to a family of its own.
Rarely found as pure element, mostly in H20
Hydrogen is a diatomic, reactive gas.
Hydrogen was involved in the explosion of the Hindenberg.

29. Alkali Metals Group 1 Elements: (not including Hydrogen)
Lithium, Rubidium Sodium, Cesium Potassium, Francium
MOST reactive metals, never found uncombined in nature (like in salt).
1 electron in the outer shell
Soft and silvery metals
Conduct electricity

30. Alkaline Earth Metals The Group 2 Elements
Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium Strontium, Barium ,Radium
2 electrons in the outer shell
White and malleable
Reactive, but less than Alkali metals
Conduct electricity
Several of these elements are important mineral nutrients (such as Mg and Ca)

31. Transition Metals Elements in groups 3-12 Less reactive, harder metals
Good conductors of heat and electricity.
Some are used for jewelry.
The transition metals are able to put up to 32 electrons in their second to last shell.
Can bond with many elements in a variety of shapes.

32. Boron Family Elements in group 13
Boron ,Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium
Aluminum metal was once rare and expensive, not a “disposable metal.”
Elements have 3 valence electrons.
All are metals except Boron (metalloid)
Aluminum is the most common metal in the Earth’s crust.

33. Carbon Family Elements in group 14
Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead
Contains elements important to life and computers.
Carbon is the basis for an entire branch of chemistry.
Elements have 4 valence electrons
Silicon is used to make semiconductors for computers and other electronics .
Diamond and Graphite are two forms of carbon.

34. Nitrogen Group Elements in group 15
Nitrogen makes up over ¾ of the atmosphere.
Nitrogen and phosphorus are both important in living things.
The red stuff on the tip of matches is phosphorus.
Elements have 5 valence electrons
Can share electrons to form compounds
Contains metals, metalloids, and non-metals

35. Oxygen or Chalcogens Family
Elements in group 16
Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium
Oxygen is necessary for respiration.
Many things that stink, contain sulfur (rotten eggs, garlic, skunks, etc
About 20% of the Earth’s atmosphere is oxygen.

36. Halogens Elements in group 17 Fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine
Very reactive, volatile, diatomic, nonmetals
Always found combined with other elements in nature.
Used as disinfectants and to strengthen teeth.
The Halogens form salts with the alkali metals.
Fluorine is an active ingredient in toothpaste

37. The Noble Gases Elements in group 18
Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon
VERY unreactive, monatomic gases
Used in lighted “neon” signs
Do NOT ordinarily form compounds.
Have a full valence shell

38. The Lanthanides and The Actinides
Soft metals that can be cut with a knife.
Were once called rare earth metals.
Glass used in computer and TV screens contain Yttirum and Europium
The Actinides
All actinides are radioactive.
Thorium, Proactinium and Uranium are the only actinides found naturally on earth.
Plutonium is used to fuel nuclear power plants.

39. What is an ION? Charged atoms (or groups of atoms) are called ions.
An atom becomes charged by either gaining or losing one or more electrons.
An atom that has lost one or more e- is a positive ion or (cation). The atom now has more protons than e-.
An atom that has gained one or more e- is a negative ion (anion). The atom now has more e- than protons.

40. Cation or Positive Ion

41. Anion or Negative Ion

42. The Periodic Table Song