1. Speech Fundamentals
Chapter 4: Listening

2. Barriers to Effective Listening
Select: To single out a message from several competing messages.
Attend: To focus on incoming information for further processing.
Understand: To assign meaning to the information to which you attend.
Remember: To recall ideas and information.

3. Barriers to Effective Listening
It is easiest to listen effectively to a message when there is an appropriate balance between new information and supporting examples. Too much new information will overwhelm the listener and too many examples will confuse or bore him/her.

4. Barriers to Effective Listening
Some barriers to effective listening come from within, such as intrusive thoughts or prejudices.
Other barriers are external, such as outside distractions.
Prejudice: Preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message.

5. Barriers to Effective Listening
Receiver Apprehension: The fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the spoken messages of others.
One very effective technique for overcoming barriers to effective listening is to mentally summarize what the speaker is saying.

6. How to Become a Better Listener
Pay attention to the nonverbal cues of the speaker.
Minimize distractions resulting from poor delivery.
Monitor your emotional state and do not let your emotions interfere with you comprehension of the message.
Do not jump to conclusions.

7. How to Become a Better Listener
Listen with an agenda: Consider ways in which you can use the information presented in your own speaking and writing. Focus on main ideas, principles, and arguments rather than memorizing isolated facts.

8. How to Become a Better Listener
What is your listening style?
People-oriented
Action-oriented
Content-oriented
Time-oriented

9. How to Become a Better Listener
Active listening means re-sorting and re-phrasing what a speaker says.
Re-sort: Rearranging the speakers words into patterns that make sense to you.
Re-phrasing: Putting the speaker’s ideas into your own words.

10. Improving your Note-Taking Skills
Divide your notes into two columns.
Use the column on the right to record the contents of the speech.
Use the column on the left to reinterpret the speech after it is over.

11. How to Become a Better Listener
Critical Listening: Evaluating the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by a speaker.
Critical Thinking: Making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear, and read.

12. How to Become a Better Listener
Fact: Something that has been proven to be true by direct observation.
Inference: A conclusion based on partial information, or an evaluation that has not been directly observed.
Evidence: The facts that a speaker uses to support a conclusion.

13. Analyzing and Evaluating
Logic: A formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion.
Reasoning: The process of drawing a conclusion from evidence.
Rhetoric: The use of symbols to create meaning to achieve a goal.

14. Analyzing and Evaluating
Rhetorical Strategies: Methods that speakers use to achieve their speaking goals.
Rhetorical Criticism: The process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages.

15. Analyzing and Evaluating
Can you name some rhetorical strategies?