1. Canons of Rhetoric Invention: creating and constructing ideas Invention: creating and constructing ideas Arrangement: ordering and lying out ideas effectively Arrangement: ordering and lying out ideas effectively Style: developing the appropriate expression/tone for those ideas Style: developing the appropriate expression/tone for those ideas Memory: retaining invented ideas, recalling additional supporting ideas, and facilitating memory in the audience Memory: retaining invented ideas, recalling additional supporting ideas, and facilitating memory in the audience Delivery: presenting or performing ideas with the aim of persuading Delivery: presenting or performing ideas with the aim of persuading

2. Invention Inventing argument means you are generating ideas about a topic. Inventing argument means you are generating ideas about a topic. To develop ideas, you can use a range of rhetorical strategies: invoking pathos, using ethos or good character, or employing logos to reason calmly and logically with your readers/listeners. To develop ideas, you can use a range of rhetorical strategies: invoking pathos, using ethos or good character, or employing logos to reason calmly and logically with your readers/listeners. Your task is to forge a powerful text that argues a point, to convince others to see a particular perspective---yours. Your task is to forge a powerful text that argues a point, to convince others to see a particular perspective---yours.

3. Invention, con’t. Photos, like written texts, are artifacts of rhetorical invention. They are created by a writer or artist. Thus, the “reality” that photos display is actually a version of reality created by a photographer’s rhetorical and artistic decisions: Photos, like written texts, are artifacts of rhetorical invention. They are created by a writer or artist. Thus, the “reality” that photos display is actually a version of reality created by a photographer’s rhetorical and artistic decisions: –whether to use color or black-and-white film; what sort of lighting to use; how to position the subject of the photograph; whether to opt for a panorama or close-up shot; what backdrop to use, how to crop, or trim, the image once it’s printed. We are looking at the product of deliberate strategies of invention. We are looking at the product of deliberate strategies of invention.

4. Arrangement After invention, arrangement becomes a key consideration. The way in which you present material on the page will shape a reader’s response to the ideas After invention, arrangement becomes a key consideration. The way in which you present material on the page will shape a reader’s response to the ideas When we refer to “arrangement” in a written or visual argument, we often are referring to the underlying structure of the essay itself. When we refer to “arrangement” in a written or visual argument, we often are referring to the underlying structure of the essay itself. –Chronological structure –Cause-effect –Problem-solution –Block structure –Thematic structure

5. Style Choose appropriate expression for the ideas of your argument. These choices relate to: Choose appropriate expression for the ideas of your argument. These choices relate to: –Language –Tone –Syntax –Rhetorical appeals –Metaphors –Imagery –Quotations –Level of emphasis –Nuance

6. Style Your persona is a deliberately crafted version of yourself as the writer. Your persona is a deliberately crafted version of yourself as the writer. When you compose a text (written, verbal, or visual), you decide how to use language to represent a particular persona/voice to the audience you want to address. When you compose a text (written, verbal, or visual), you decide how to use language to represent a particular persona/voice to the audience you want to address. You create a portrait of yourself as the author of your argument through tone (formal or informal, humorous or serious); word choice (academic, colloquial); sentence structures (complex or simple and direct); use of rhetorical appeals (pathos, logos, ethos); and strategies of persuasion (narration, example, cause/effect, analogy, process, definition). You create a portrait of yourself as the author of your argument through tone (formal or informal, humorous or serious); word choice (academic, colloquial); sentence structures (complex or simple and direct); use of rhetorical appeals (pathos, logos, ethos); and strategies of persuasion (narration, example, cause/effect, analogy, process, definition). Creating a persona/voice requires care. Creating a persona/voice requires care. A well designed one can facilitate a strong connection with your readers and therefore make your argument more persuasive. A well designed one can facilitate a strong connection with your readers and therefore make your argument more persuasive. A poorly constructed voice (biased, inconsistent, underdeveloped) can have the opposite effect, alienating readers and undercutting your text’s overall effectiveness. A poorly constructed voice (biased, inconsistent, underdeveloped) can have the opposite effect, alienating readers and undercutting your text’s overall effectiveness. Alfano, C.L., & O’Brien, A.J. (2008). (2 nd ed.). Envision: Writing and researching arguments. Pearson/Longman: New York.