1. PCD—Birth Defects Objective 3.01 Heredity and Environment Influences
on Prenatal Development
& Long-term Effects on the Health of Children.

2. FACTS About 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects.
1 out of 28 parents receive frightening news that their baby has a birth defect.
There are over 4,000 known birth defects
Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life.

3. What is a Birth Defect?
An abnormality of structure, function or body metabolism present at birth that results in physical or mental disability or is fatal (deadly).

4. Prenatal Development
Influenced by conditions brought on by the environment and hereditary traits.
For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.
A birth defect is an abnormality that is present at birth that affects the structure or functions of the body and may threaten a baby’s health and/or welfare.

5. Environment vs. Hereditary
Prenatal Development is influenced by conditions brought on by the Environment & Hereditary Traits.
For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.

6. Potential Causes of Birth Defects
Directions:
Read Chapter 4.
Complete the chart on the handout provided using Chapter 4 Section 3 in the textbook, page
Pick 8 of the 10 Birth Defects
List the following in the rectangle:
Causes
Detections
Treatments

7. Environment
Complete the next slides on the bubble map labeled: Environmental Influences

8. Inadequate (not enough) Nutrition of Mother
Stunt brain dev.
Mental retardation
Increased risk:
multiple birth defects
low birth weight

9. Rubella, or German measles
1st trimester of pregnancy can cause severe birth defects
Blindness
Deafness
Heart disease
Mental retardation

10. Toxoplasmosis Parasite causes: Blindness Hearing loss
Learning disabilities
Death
Found in cat litter and some raw meats

11. Chicken Pox During 1st half of pregnancy: Scarring of baby’s skin
Limb (arms, legs) defects
Eye problems
Miscarriage
(death before 20th week)

12. STD’s Can be passed to unborn child and can lead to: Serious illnesses
Physical disabilities
Death

13. Nicotine Smoking Tobacco OR Secondhand Smoke
Smaller than average babies
Miscarriages and premature deliveries
Respiratory infections or allergies

14. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
20% of infants die
Facial deformities
Delayed physical growth
Heart defects
Hyperactivity
Mental retardation or disabilities
Poor coordination
Difficulty controlling behavior

15. FAS

16. Drugs: Over-the-counter & illegal
Nothing should be taken during pregnancy without doctor’s permission
Pass on drug addition to the baby
Makes it necessary for baby to go through painful withdrawal period after birth
Produces severe, long-term learning and behavioral problems
Large amounts of caffeine increase risk of miscarriage
Low birth-weight babies
Infant death
Cocaine increases risk of miscarriage
Produces strokes that lead to brain damage
Heart attack
Birth abnormalities
Death
Causes tremors, irritability, sleep problems, and developmental delays

17. Exposure to hazards
Chemicals
paint, pesticides, lead-based chemicals, carbon monoxide, mercury, solvents, paint thinners, and formaldehyde
Potentially cause physical and mental abnormalities in unborn baby
X rays can cause childhood cancer, miscarriages, and mental retardation
Toxoplasmosis
extreme high blood pressure

18. Accidental Injuries Cerebral palsy
Caused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth
Damage to the developing embryo and fetus from accidental injuries of all types can potentially cause a wide range of birth defects

19. Hereditary Influences on Prenatal Development & Birth Defects

20. Complete the next slides on the bubble map labeled:
Hereditary Influences
Label left side of the paper:
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents
Label right side of the paper:
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

21. Cystic Fibrosis
Caused by inheritance of recessive genes
More likely to affect Caucasians than African or Asian-Americas
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

22. Tay-Sachs Disease
Inherited disease most common among eastern European families of Jewish descent
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

23. Sickle Cell Anemia
Malformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen and prevalent in African- Americans
Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents

24. Hemophilia Passed on from mothers to sons only
Prevents blood from clotting
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

25. Huntington’s Disease Manifests in adulthood males Leads to dementia
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

26. Duchene Muscular Dystrophy
Transmitted by female carriers
Usually affects only males
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

27. Color Blindness Usually affects only males
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

28. Errors in Chromosomes
Problems with the number or structure of chromosomes
Down syndrome
Associated with mental retardation
Increased risk of heart defects
Leukemia
Poor muscle tone
Distinctive physical characteristics
Defective dominant gene inherited from one parent

29. Hereditary & Environmental Birth Defects

30. Virus during pregnancy
Heart Defect
Inherited
Drug use
Virus during pregnancy

31. Cleft lip/cleft palate
Gap in upper lip or palate

32. Cleft Palate
Sometimes the roof of the mouth does not completely close, leaving an opening that extends into the nasal cavity.
The cleft may include either side of the cavity.
The abnormality may be associated with cleft lip or other syndromes.

33. Cleft Lip
Incomplete formation of lips during fetal development leads to Cleft Lip abnormality.
The extent varies from mild to severe.
The clefts can be distinguished into unilateral clefts and bilateral clefts

34. Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus
Risk can be reduced by taking folic acid during pregnancy

35. Multiple Births Leading to fraternal twins
The hyper-ovulation gene may be inherited from the mother
Leading to fraternal twins
Primarily influenced by environment
Twin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS)
Result of one twin taking nourishment from the other
Fertility drugs

36. Identifying Birth Defects
Symptoms
_____1. Cerebral palsy ______
_____2. Cleft palate ______
_____3. Cystic fibrosis ______
_____4. Down syndrome ______
_____5. Hydrocephalus ______
_____6. Muscular dystrophy ______
_____7. PKU ______
_____8. Sickle cell anemia ______
_____9. Spina bifida ______ .
A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and pain
B. Gap in the roof of the mouth
C. Incompletely formed spinal cord
D. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles
E. Child slow to develop motor skills
F. Overly rapid growth of the head
G. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go away
H. Affects the body’s ability to properly use
protein
I. Has an extra chromosome

37. Answers Birth Defects Symptoms B. Gap in the roof of the mouth
E Cerebral palsy E
B Cleft palate B
G Cystic fibrosis H
I Down syndrome H
F 5. Hydrocephalus B
D Muscular dystrophy H
H PKU H
A Sickle cell anemia H
C Spina bifida B .
A. Tiredness, lack of appetite, and pain
B. Gap in the roof of the mouth
C. Incompletely formed spinal cord
D. Progressive weakness and shrinking of the muscles
E. Child slow to develop motor skills
F. Overly rapid growth of the head
G. Very salty sweat and a cough that doesn’t go away
H. Affects the body’s ability to properly use
protein
I. Has an extra chromosome

38. POP QUIZ time

39. What potentially causes birth defects?
Genetic and environmental factors
60% of birth defects are currently unknown
A single abnormal gene

40. Can birth defects be prevented?
Potential causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk

41. Help Reduce Risk
Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up
especially if you have health problems
When pregnant, take daily multi-vitamins, containing B-vitamin folic acid.
Avoid:
Alcohol
Drugs
Smoking
prescription or over-the-counter medications without Dr. permission!

42. Can some birth defects be diagnosed before birth?
Prenatal tests that can be administered:
Ultrasound
Amniocentesis
Chronic villus sampling

43. Preventing Birth Defects
Avoid…
Poor nutrition
Alcohol
Smoking
Drugs
STDs
Rubella
Parasites
Radiation

44. Experiment Crack an egg in a glass jar.
Fill jar halfway full of rubbing alcohol.
Observe changes to the egg.
Write on a sticky note how seeing the changes affects their thinking.
Discussion what each item represents and how it relates to a birth defect.

45. Simon Birch 1 hour and 53 minutes
A movie about a very small person; he has a lot of faith and self-confidence in spite of the fact that he is physically "different", he has little family support and he has health problems.

46. Birth Defect Group Project Directions
You will receive a birth defect to investigate
Make aware your findings using a blog on the Internet.
References can come from your notes, textbook, and Internet to find your references.
DO NOT COPY YOUR INFORMATION = PLAGERISM!!!!!
Classify your birth defect:
“Environmental”
“Hereditary”
“Both”
Blog should describe the following:
Description
Causes
Detection
Treatment
How it affects the person who has it

47. Reminders No plagiarism Not too wordy Need at least 3 references
Good websites to use:
No plagiarism
Not too wordy
Need at least 3 references
The Developing Child, Page ______
Third choice is your choice (can be another website or notes)
Post 3 pictures to illustrate your birth defect
me your final BLOG