1. Microscopy

2. A typical video microscope

3. What do you see? Integument pigmented skin

4. Staining Increases contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains/dyes Smear of microorganisms (thin film) air dried to slide and then fixed to surface by heat or chemical fixation Microbiological stains are usually salts composed of cation and anion and one is colored (chromophore) Acidic dyes stain alkaline structures; basic dyes stain acidic structures and are used more commonly

5. Staining Simple stains Differential stains – Gram stain – Acid-fast stain – Endospore stain Special stains – Negative (capsule) stain – Flagellar stain – Fluorescent stains Staining for electron microscopy

6. Simple Stains Figure 4.16b

7. Immunohistochemistry

8. Fluorescence Microscopy

9. Fluorescent Microscopes Direct UV light source at specimen; causes the specimen to radiate energy back as a longer, visible wavelength UV light increases resolution and contrast Some cells and molecules are naturally fluorescent, while others must be stained Used in immunofluorescence to identify pathogens and to locate and make visible a variety of proteins

10. Immunofluorescence Figure 4.10a

11. Polarized Microscope

12. Phase Contrast Microscope

13. Four Kinds of Light Microscopy Figure 4.8a

14. Four Kinds of Light Microscopy Figure 4.8b

15. Four Kinds of Light Microscopy Figure 4.8c

16. Four Kinds of Light Microscopy Figure 4.8d

17. Laser scanning confocal microscopy

18. Electron Microscopy Light microscopes cannot resolve structures closer than 200 nm because shortest wavelength of visible light is 400 nm Electrons have wavelengths of 0.01 nm to 0.001 nm, so electron microscopes have greater resolving power and greater magnification Magnify objects 10,000X to 100,000X Provide detailed views of bacteria, viruses, internal cellular structures, molecules, and large atoms Two types – Transmission electron microscopes – Scanning electron microscopes

19. Transmission Electron Microscope Figure 4.11

20. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) : Philips CM120 Applications: 1.Atomic structure determination (including phases distribution). 2.Particle size and shape determination. 3.Local elemental analysis.

21. O QUE SE VÊ? Electron micrograph of a thin section taken through an exocrine cell of the monkey pancreas. G, Golgi Apparatus; L, lumen of Acinus; M, mitochondrion; N, Nucleus, Nu, Nucleolus; RER, rough Endoplasmic Reticulum; S, secretory granule; S', secretory granule pouring its contents into lumen of Acinus; arrow, pair of Plasma membranes of two adjacent cells. 12,000 X. Inset: high-magnification electron micrograph of region indicated by arrow in which two Plasma membranes, running parallel to one another, are cut in cross section; micrograph shows the trilaminar appearance of each of the two Plasma membranes. 129,000 XGolgi ApparatusAcinusNucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic ReticulumAcinus Plasma

22. TEM Image Figure 4.11c

23. Scanning Electron Microscope Philips XL-30

24. SEM Image Figure 4.13a

25. SEM Image Figure 4.13b

26. SEM Image Figure 4.13c

27. SEM Image Figure 4.13d

28. Bug in a leg and Human glomerulus with tuft of capillaries (C) in scanning electron microscopy.