1. American Urbanization
Global Migration and Urban Explosion

2. Urbanization
Between 1870 and 1900, eleven million people moved into America’s cities
Why?

3. Emma Lazarus, a young Jewish woman wrote in 1883:
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore, Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door!

4. Global migration Before 1880—from northern and western Europe
Two distinct waves of European immigration
Before 1880—from northern and western Europe
After 1880—from southern and eastern Europe
depression in southern Italy, persecution of Jews in eastern Europe, avoidance of Russian conscription

5. Ellis Island, immigration facility, New York Harbor

6. Ellis Island

7. Immigrants at Ellis Island

8. Women

9. Examination Room

12. Electric Street Car
Development of electric street car in 1880s led to urban congestion and suburban sprawl
Social segregation—those who could afford, moved to outskirts, poorest occupied city center

13. Structural Steel
Structural Steel changed the urban environment with bridges and sky-scrapers

14. Brooklyn Bridge

15. ‘Skyscraper’

16. Public works
Street paving, trolley tracks, underground subway lines

17. Trolley, North First in San Jose

18. Sewers and Water mains
Flush toilet, bathtubs, and lavatories in new apartments—because of improvements in city sewers and water mains.

20. Frederick Law Olmstead

21. Central Park New York

22. “Chicago School”
Great Chicago Fire of 1871 demanded a new city to be built
Soaring population descended on Chicago
“Chicago School” a small group of professional architects designing the new, tall, buildings

23. Connecticut Mill

24. Chicago home

25. Jacob Riis
How the Other Half Lives, documented the poverty, crowding and disease of New York City
Had America become a plutocracy? The wealthiest 1% owned more than half of the real and personal property in the country.

26. Tenement living
The poor did not share equally in the advantages of city life.

27. America’s Need for Cheap Labor
Between 1870 and 1900 industrialists drew on rural and migrant people for labor force
Common laborers
Skilled craftsmen
Mechanization replaced workers with machines
Textile mills usually employed young women
New classes of managers, middle management
Clerical workers
Retail sales

28. Great Railroad Strike 1877

29. Knights of Labor First mass organization of America’s working class
Organized regardless of skill, sex, race, or nationality, became the dominate force in labor during the 1880s
Knights of Labor advocated a workers’ democracy that embraced public ownership of railroads, an income tax, equal pay for women workers, and the abolition of child labor.

30. AFL rival to Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor headed by Samuel Gompers
His plan was to organize skilled workers and to use strikes to gain immediate objectives—higher pay and better working conditions

31. 12-Hour Day
Since 1840, labor had sought to end the industry standard12-hour work day,
Supporters set May 1,1886 as the date for a nationwide general strike in support of eight-hour day
All factions of labor movement participated in Chicago on May Day, ‘largest demonstration to date’
45,000 workers paraded peaceful down Michigan Ave in support of eight hour work day

32. Haymarket

33. Haymarket Riot The riot killed the 8-hr workday movement
Ruined the Knights of Labor
Skilled workers turned to the AFL
Unskilled workers were left out

34. Calls for Immigration Restriction
Many Americans saw newcomers as uneducated, backward, uncouth
“blue-bloods” made unlikely alliance with organized labor to restrict immigration
Ethnic competition between older immigrants

35. Anti-immigrant attitudes

37. Bosses William Marcy Tweed or “Boss Tweed” of New York
Bribery and Graft to control New York politics

38. Thomas Nast cartoon

39. Tammany Hall

40. Tammany Hall

41. Lincoln Steffens

42. At Home and At Play

43. “Cult of Domesticity”

44. Household chores

45. Washing clothes

46. Idealized image

47. Domestic servants

48. Coney Island

49. World’s Columbian Exposition 1893

50. Ferris Wheel

51. “White City”

52. Displays of America’s Industries

53. Agriculture Products at the Fair