1. FOFFF

2. FOUNDATIONS A house is built of bricks and cement
A home is built of love and affection

3. Buildings and its Types
A building is living place surrounded by walls and covered by roofs to keep out rain , sun,wind.
Types
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING- Houses ,apartments etc
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS-Schools , universities ,etc
BUSINESS BUILDINGS- Banks ,shopping complex
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS-Power Plants, Factories
STORAGE BUILDINGS-Ware houses, godowns

4. SELECTION OF SITE FOR THE BUILDING
COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDING

5. FOUNDATIONS OR SUBSTRUCTURE
PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE BED(lime concrete bed) of about 300mm thick
TWO OR THREE MASONRY FOOTINGS

6. LOADS ON FOUNDATIONS 1.DEAD LOAD
Dead load is the dead weight or the self weight of the foundation , it includes all walls , floors , roofs ,etc..

7. 2.Live loads
Live loads is the movable and superimposed loads on floor it includes all the loads that are not permanent . it includes the weight of the persons , weight of the furniture etc.

8. 3.WIND LOAD
The effect of wind should be considered in case of tall building .The exposed sides and roofs of the tall buildings are subjected to wind pressure

9. FUNCTIONS or REQUIREMENTS OF THE FOUNDATIONS
Base for the Structure
Transmitting the Load to the Soil
Uniform Distribution of Load on Larger Area
Minimization of Differential Settlement
Stability of the Building
Firm Level Base
Lateral Stability to the Structure
Safety against Sliding and Overturning
Safety against Scouring and Undertaking

10. Foundation Soil Soil is the major portion covering the earth crust
Classification of soil
Coarse grained soil
1.Gravel
2.Sand
(b)Fine grained soil
1.Slits
2.Clay

11. BEARING CAPACITY OF THE SOIL
1.The design of the foundation depends on the bearing capacity of the soil. 2.Ulitimate bearing capacity of the soil =Ultitimate load/Area of the plate 3.Safe bearing capacity of the soil=Ultimate bearing capacity of the soil/factor of safety 4.Allowable soil pressure It is the safe soil pressure which is safe against failure . it does not cause settlement more than permissible settlement

12. Factors affecting bearing capacity
Physical features of the foundation, type ,size , shape depth. And rigidity of the structure
Types of soil and its physical properties(density, shear, strength)
Position of ground water table
Allowable settlement of the soil

13. METHODS OF IMPROVING BEARING CAPACITY
1.By increasing the Depth of the foundation 2.By compacting the soil 3.By draining the Sub-Soil water 4.By grouting the soil mass with cement Grout 5.By Restricting the movement of the soil 6.By Injecting Chemicals

14. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATION SHALLOW DEEP MACHINE MAT OR SPREAD
RAFT
PILES
PIERS
WELL
STEEL,
CONCRETE,
COMPOSITE
TIMBER
BELLED,
STRAIGHT SHAFTED
WALLS,
ISOLATED,
COMBINED

15. SHALLOW FOUNDATION(OPEN FOUNDATION)
THE DEPTH OF THE FOUNDATION IS EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN ITS WIDTH.
TYPES
1.Spread Foundation
2.Raft or Mat foundation

16. SPREAD FOUNDATION
The load of the foundation is spread over a large area
It is the cheapest type of foundation
TYPES
1.Wall footings
2.Isolated or column footings
*Simple * Stepped *Sloped
3.Combined footings and continuous footings
*Rectangular *Trapezoidal
4.Continuous footings

17. MAT OR RAFT
Mat is like a large spread footing , covering the entire building area . All building loads are supported on a common mat
TYPES
1.Flat R.C.C slab
2.Thick R.C.C slab

18. DEEP FOUNDATION
The depth of the foundation is more than its width . They transmit the load of super structure through week soil to strong soil beds or rock beds available at greater depth.
TYPES
1.Piles
2.Piers
3.Well

19. PILE FOUNDATION CLASSIFICATION Material composition Functions or uses
Installation methods
Ground effects
Classification on functions
1.End bearing piles
2.Under reamed piles

20. WELL FOUNDATION
It is hollow inside resembling the well. It has no proper bottom cover . A well curb of steel is or R.C.C is constructed in a yard . it is placed where the well has to be sunk.

21. FOUNDATION FAILURES(causes and remedies)
1.unequal settlement of sub-soil
2.Horizontal movement of the earth
3.Shrinkage of sub-soil
4.Sliding of the soil
5.Compression of mortar joints and foundation masonry
6.Excessive settlement of sub-soil
7.Roots of trees and shrubs
8.Atmospheric actions