1. Current Weather Urban/Suburban Resolution Considerations Land Use/Land Cover Population Estimation Quality of Life Indicators Reminder: Read rest of Chapter 13 for next class! Remote Sensing of the Human Environment

2. Urban Remote Sensing Users

3. Zoning regulation Commerce and economic development Tax assessor Transportation and utilities Parks, recreation, and tourism Emergency management Real Estate Developers Zoning regulation Commerce and economic development Tax assessor Transportation and utilities Parks, recreation, and tourism Emergency management Real Estate Developers

4. What are the 5 major stages of residential development identified by Jensen and Toll (1983)?

5. Urban/Suburban Temporal Resolution Considerations Partial or complete clearing Land subdivision Roads Buildings Landscaping Partial or complete clearing Land subdivision Roads Buildings Landscaping

6. Stages of Development

7. 1994 1996 Sun City – Hilton Head

8. 1995 1975

9. 1974 1,040 urban hectares1994 3,263 urban hectares 315% increase1974 1,040 urban hectares1994 3,263 urban hectares 315% increase

10. Remote Sensing Resolution Requirements Remote Sensing Resolution Requirements

11. Urban Remote Sensing Minimum spatial resolution of 0.25 – 5 m Minimum of four pixels within an object to identify (one-half the width of the smallest dimension - i.e. 5 m mobile homes requires at least 2.5 m data) Role of shape, size, texture, orientation, pattern, shadow Land use vs. land cover? Minimum spatial resolution of 0.25 – 5 m Minimum of four pixels within an object to identify (one-half the width of the smallest dimension - i.e. 5 m mobile homes requires at least 2.5 m data) Role of shape, size, texture, orientation, pattern, shadow Land use vs. land cover?

12. Observations: There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide some of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial resolution required is > 5 x 5 m and the temporal resolution is between 1 and 55 days. There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide some of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial resolution required is > 5 x 5 m and the temporal resolution is between 1 and 55 days. As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data (<1 x 1 m) are required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is especially true for urban areas in developing countries. As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data (<1 x 1 m) are required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is especially true for urban areas in developing countries.Observations: There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide some of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial resolution required is > 5 x 5 m and the temporal resolution is between 1 and 55 days. There are a number of remote sensing systems that currently provide some of the desired urban/socio-economic information when the spatial resolution required is > 5 x 5 m and the temporal resolution is between 1 and 55 days. As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data (<1 x 1 m) are required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is especially true for urban areas in developing countries. As demonstrated, very high spatial resolution data (<1 x 1 m) are required to satisfy many of the socio-economic data requirements. This is especially true for urban areas in developing countries. Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Attributes and Remote Sensing Systems

13. Clear polygons represent the spatial and temporal characteristics of selected urban attributes Clear polygons represent the spatial and temporal characteristics of selected urban attributes Gray boxes depict the spatial and temporal characteristics of the remote sensing systems that may be used to extract the required urban information Gray boxes depict the spatial and temporal characteristics of the remote sensing systems that may be used to extract the required urban information Temporal Resolution in minutes

14. Urban Minimum Resolution Requirements Land Use/CoverTemporalSpatialSpectral USGS Level 15-10 yrs20-100 mVIS-NIR USGS Level 25-10 yrs5-20 mVIS-NIR USGS Level 33-5 yrs1-5 mPan-VIS-NIR USGS Level 41-3 yrs0.25-1 mPan Land Use/CoverTemporalSpatialSpectral USGS Level 15-10 yrs20-100 mVIS-NIR USGS Level 25-10 yrs5-20 mVIS-NIR USGS Level 33-5 yrs1-5 mPan-VIS-NIR USGS Level 41-3 yrs0.25-1 mPan

15. Classification Levels 1 Urban or Built-up 11 Residential 111 Single-Family Residential 1111 House, houseboat, hut, tent 1112 Mobile home 112 Multiple-Family Residential 1121 Duplex 1122 Triplex 1123 Apartment Complex or Condominium 1124 Mobile home (trailer) park 1 Urban or Built-up 11 Residential 111 Single-Family Residential 1111 House, houseboat, hut, tent 1112 Mobile home 112 Multiple-Family Residential 1121 Duplex 1122 Triplex 1123 Apartment Complex or Condominium 1124 Mobile home (trailer) park

16. Land Use /Land Cover Relationship between sensor system spatial resolution and land use/land cover class Approximate IFOV (m) Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution L1 - USGS Level I 5 - 10 years 20 - 100 m L2 - USGS Level II 5 - 10 years 5 - 15 m L3 - USGS Level III 3 - 5 years 1 - 5 m L4 - USGS Level IV 1 - 3 years 0.3 - 1 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution L1 - USGS Level I 5 - 10 years 20 - 100 m L2 - USGS Level II 5 - 10 years 5 - 15 m L3 - USGS Level III 3 - 5 years 1 - 5 m L4 - USGS Level IV 1 - 3 years 0.3 - 1 m

17. Building and Cadastral (Property Line) Infrastructure Building and Cadastral (Property Line) Infrastructure Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Derived from 0.3 x 0.3 m (1 x 1 ft.) spatial resolution stereoscopic, panchromatic aerial photography Derived from 0.3 x 0.3 m (1 x 1 ft.) spatial resolution stereoscopic, panchromatic aerial photography Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution B1 - building perimeter, area, volume, height 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.5 m B2 - cadastral mapping (property lines) 1 - 6 mo 0.3 - 0.5 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution B1 - building perimeter, area, volume, height 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.5 m B2 - cadastral mapping (property lines) 1 - 6 mo 0.3 - 0.5 m

18. Transportation Infrastructure Irmo, S.C. TIGER road network updated using SPOT 10 x 10 m data Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Bridge assessment using high resolution oblique photography Parking/traffic studies require high spatial/temporal resolution Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution T1 - general road centerline1 - 5 years 1 - 10 m T2 - precise road width 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.5 m T3 - traffic count studies (cars, planes etc.)5 - 10 min 0.3 - 0.5 m T4 - parking studies 10 - 60 min 0.3 - 0.5 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution T1 - general road centerline1 - 5 years 1 - 10 m T2 - precise road width 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.5 m T3 - traffic count studies (cars, planes etc.)5 - 10 min 0.3 - 0.5 m T4 - parking studies 10 - 60 min 0.3 - 0.5 m

19. Utility Infrastructure Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters West Berlin, Germany (1:3,000). Utility companies often digitize the location of every pole, manhole, transmission line and the facilities associated with each. Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution U1 - general utility centerline 1 - 5 years 1 - 2 m U2 - precise utility line width 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.6 m U3 - locate poles, manholes, substations 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.6 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution U1 - general utility centerline 1 - 5 years 1 - 2 m U2 - precise utility line width 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.6 m U3 - locate poles, manholes, substations 1 - 2 years 0.3 - 0.6 m

20. Digital Elevation Model Creation Urban DEMs are usually created from high spatial resolution data. The DEM and orthophoto of Columbia, SC were produced from 1:6,000 stereoscopic photography using soft-copy photogrammetric techniques. Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters

21. Population estimation can be performed at the local, regional, and national level based on (Lo, 1995; Haack et al., 1997): counts of individual dwelling units, measurement of land areas, and land use classification. Population estimation can be performed at the local, regional, and national level based on (Lo, 1995; Haack et al., 1997): counts of individual dwelling units, measurement of land areas, and land use classification. Remote Sensing Assisted Population Estimation

22. Dwelling Unit Estimation Technique Assumptions (Lo, 1986; 1995; Haack et al., 1997): imagery must be of sufficient spatial resolution (0.3 - 5 m) to identify individual structures even through tree cover and whether they are residential, commercial, or industrial buildings; some estimate of the average number of persons per dwelling unit must be available, and it is assumed all dwelling units are occupied. Dwelling Unit Estimation Technique Assumptions (Lo, 1986; 1995; Haack et al., 1997): imagery must be of sufficient spatial resolution (0.3 - 5 m) to identify individual structures even through tree cover and whether they are residential, commercial, or industrial buildings; some estimate of the average number of persons per dwelling unit must be available, and it is assumed all dwelling units are occupied. Remote Sensing Assisted Population Estimation

23. Automated building counts

24. Socioeconomic Characteristics Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution S1 - local population estimation 5 - 7 years 0.3 - 5 m S2 - regional/national population estimation 5 - 15 years 5 - 20 m S3 - quality of life indicators 5 - 10 years 0.3 - 0.5 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution S1 - local population estimation 5 - 7 years 0.3 - 5 m S2 - regional/national population estimation 5 - 15 years 5 - 20 m S3 - quality of life indicators 5 - 10 years 0.3 - 0.5 m Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Konso village in southern Ethiopia Single and multiple family residences in Columbia, S. C.

25. Socioeconomic Characteristics Population Estimations Energy Demand and Conservation Quality of Life Indicators Building Lot Adjacent Amenities Adjacent Hazards Population Estimations Energy Demand and Conservation Quality of Life Indicators Building Lot Adjacent Amenities Adjacent Hazards

26. Quality of living indicators such as house value, median family income, average number of rooms, average rent, education, and income can be estimated by extracting the following variables from high spatial resolution panchromatic and/or color imagery (Lindgren, 1985; Lo, 1986; 1995; Haack et al., 1997): building size (sq. ft.) lot size (acreage) existence of a pool (sq. ft.) vacant lots per city block frontage (sq. ft.) distance house is set-back from street existence of driveways existence of garages number of autos visible paved streets (%) street width (ft.) health of the landscaping (vegetation index signature) proximity to manufacturing and/or retail activity. Quality of living indicators such as house value, median family income, average number of rooms, average rent, education, and income can be estimated by extracting the following variables from high spatial resolution panchromatic and/or color imagery (Lindgren, 1985; Lo, 1986; 1995; Haack et al., 1997): building size (sq. ft.) lot size (acreage) existence of a pool (sq. ft.) vacant lots per city block frontage (sq. ft.) distance house is set-back from street existence of driveways existence of garages number of autos visible paved streets (%) street width (ft.) health of the landscaping (vegetation index signature) proximity to manufacturing and/or retail activity. Remote Sensing Quality of Living Indicators

27. Human Habitation in Much of the Undeveloped World Usually Requires High Spatial Resolution Imagery to Estimate Population or Extract Quality of Life Indicators Farm in the altiplano adjacent to La Paz, Bolivia at 4,100 m above sea level. Grain has been harvested and arranged in rows of sheaves. Piles of stones (cairns) have a light center with a darker border of weeds and shrubs. New Venice Village, Santa Marta, in the La Magdelena Province of Colombia South America. The people built lake dwellings to be closer to their fishing grounds. Buildings are separated by 10 to 30 m channels to allow boat traffic in all directions.

28. Disaster Emergency Response Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution DE1 - pre-emergency imagery1 - 5 years 1 - 5 m DE2 - post-emergency imagery 12 hr - 2 days 0.5 - 2 m DE3 - damaged housing stock1 - 2 days 0.3 - 1 m DE4 - damaged transportation1 - 2 days 0.3 - 1 m DE5 - damaged utilities1 - 2 days 0.3 - 1 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution DE1 - pre-emergency imagery1 - 5 years 1 - 5 m DE2 - post-emergency imagery 12 hr - 2 days 0.5 - 2 m DE3 - damaged housing stock1 - 2 days 0.3 - 1 m DE4 - damaged transportation1 - 2 days 0.3 - 1 m DE5 - damaged utilities1 - 2 days 0.3 - 1 m Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Pre-Hurricane Hugo Sullivans Is., S.C. July 15, 1988 1 x 1 m panchromatic Pre-Hurricane Hugo Sullivans Is., S.C. July 15, 1988 1 x 1 m panchromatic Post-Hurricane Hugo Oct. 23, 1989 1 x 1 m panchromatic Post-Hurricane Hugo Oct. 23, 1989 1 x 1 m panchromatic

29. Disaster Emergency Response Overturned tanker in Anchorage, Alaska. Earthquake damage near Northridge, California, January 22, 1994. Landslide cutting off Santa Clara River in California.

30. Energy Demand and Conservation Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution E1 - energy demand and production potential 1 - 5 years 0.3 - 1 m E2 - building insulation surveys 1 - 5 years 1 - 5 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution E1 - energy demand and production potential 1 - 5 years 0.3 - 1 m E2 - building insulation surveys 1 - 5 years 1 - 5 m Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Daytime high resolution (0.3 x 0.3 m) aerial photography of a gymnasium Nighttime 0.3 x 0.3 m thermal infrared imagery (8 - 14 mm) Nighttime 0.3 x 0.3 m thermal infrared imagery (8 - 14 mm)

31. Critical Environmental Area Assessment Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution C1 - stable sensitive environments 1 - 2 years 1 - 10 m C2 - dynamic sensitive environments 1 - 6 months0.5 - 5 m Temporal Spatial Resolution Resolution C1 - stable sensitive environments 1 - 2 years 1 - 10 m C2 - dynamic sensitive environments 1 - 6 months0.5 - 5 m Temporal Resolution Spatial Resolution in meters Sun City, S.C. Digitized NAPP Jan. 22, 1994 2.5 x 2.5 m (0.7 - 0.9 mm) Sun City, S.C. Digitized NAPP Jan. 22, 1994 2.5 x 2.5 m (0.7 - 0.9 mm) CAMS Band 6 Sept. 23, 1996 2.5 x 2.5 m (0.7 - 0.69 mm) CAMS Band 6 Sept. 23, 1996 2.5 x 2.5 m (0.7 - 0.69 mm)