1. TEEN MOMS By: Teena Marshall, Chad Duke, Troy Gasner, Caroline Smith, Ashley Swinarski, and Linda Esther

2. BACKGROUND O Since 2007, rates of teen pregnancy are on the decline… O In 2009 Teen birth rates for 15-19 years old decreased overall 6% among all races and ethnic backgrounds… O White non-Hispanic O Black non-Hispanic O American Indian/Alaskan Native O American Pacific/Hispanic Teen Birth Rates Declined Again in 2009. (2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsteenpregnancy/#source

4. BACKGROUND (cont.) O Even though birth rates are down and on the decline general factors of teen pregnancy tend to be associated with: O Being sexually active O Lack of access to or poor use of contraception O Living in poverty O Having parents with low levels of education O Poor performance in school O Growing up in a single-parent family. Teen Birth Rates Declined Again in 2009. (2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsteenpregnancy/#source

6. SEXUAL ACTIVITY O The average age of first intercourse among girls and boys… O Predictors of sexual intercourse among teens: O Early onset of pubertal development O History of sexual abuse O Poverty O Lack of attentive and nurturing parents O Cultural and family patterns or early sexual experience O Lack of school or career goals O Substance abuse O Poor school performance or dropping out of school Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

7. TRENDS IN ADOLESCENTS CHILDBEARING O “Approximately 51% of adolescent pregnancies end in live births, 35% end in induced abortion, and 14% in miscarriage or stillbirth.” O Further studies show and indicate that once a teenager has had 1 infant, she increases her risk of having another. (approx. 25% of adolescent births are not first births) Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

8. TRENDS IN ADOLESCENT CHILDBEARING O Are teen pregnancies unintended or intended? Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

9. MEDICAL RISKS OF ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY O Teenagers younger than 17 years of age have a higher incidence and include the following factors of biological, medical, and social… O Low birth weight (more than double the rate of adults) O Neonatal death rate (within 28 days of birth) is almost 3 times higher O Poor maternal weight gain O Premature births O Poor nutritional status O Low prepregnancy weight, height, and parity O Poor birth outcomes O Smoking O Drug use O Inadequate prenatal care Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286.

10. Values, Beliefs and Customary Practices of Teenage Mothers O Teenage mothers and fathers believe that having a baby will O Develop closer bonds between each other in terms of a more serious and romantic relationship O Will prevent them from experiencing loneliness O (Minnick & Shandler, 2011)

11. Values, Beliefs and Customary Practices of Teenage Mothers O According to the three sources of information, the book, articles and interview O Teenage mothers expressed that they never worried about becoming pregnant O It was also not seen as a negative life event in their culture O It was reported that family’s and friends supported each individual (Minnick & Shandler, 2011) Personal Communication: Living Grace House Owens (2010)

12. Values, Beliefs and Customary Practices of Society O Society feels differently about teenage pregnancy O Teenagers who have children at a young age are a disgrace to society O Teenagers are too young to be mothers or take on the responsibilities to raise children correctly O Teenager mothers become a burden to society (Luscombe, 2010)

13. Social Justice issues O Poverty and income O Overall child well-being O Health issues O Education O Out of wedlock births linked to teen- pregnancy (http://www.thenationalcampaign.org)

14. Disparities in Rates of Unintended Pregnancy O Unmarried (particularly cohabiting) women O Low-income women O Women who had not completed high school O Minority women O Girls age 15-19 O Teen pregnancy rate among Hispanic and black teen girls age 15-19 was more than two and a half times higher than the teen pregnancy rate among non-Hispanic white teen (Meana & Thaler, 2004)

15. Babies of teen-age moms O Poor O Drop out of high school O Lower grade-point averages O Lower college aspirations O Poorer school attendance records O As adults, they also have higher rates of divorce O The teen pregnancy rate varies greatly by state, ranging O 33 per 1,000 teen girls in New Hampshire O 93 per 1,000 teen girls in New Mexico (http://www.thenationalcampaign.org), (Meana, & Thaler, 2004)

16. When is Contraception used?

17. Teen Mothers O Teenagers who do not use a method of birth control at first intercourse O Twice as likely to become teen mothers (http://www.cdc.gov)

18. Health Disparities O Insurance options at certain religiously- affiliated educational institutions will not cover contraceptive information or services O Youths are concerned with privacy and disclosure to their parents O Co-pays are often too high O Young adults face being uninsured during transitional periods, such as moving between locations or between jobs

19. Where are the women?

20. Occupational Therapy O Services to address the psychological needs of youth and children O Health and wellness consulting AOTA emerging practice areas

21. Prior successful programs O Clear message O Last a sufficient length of time (i.e. more than a few weeks). O Select leaders who believe in the program and provide them with adequate training O Actively engage participants and have them personalize the information O Address peer pressure O Teach communication skills O Reflect the age O Reflect the culture ( Kaye, Suellentrop, & Sloup, 2009 )

22. Book/Article REVIEW Life After Birth A Memoir of Survival and Success as a TEENAGE MOTHER by Summer Owens

23. SYNTHESIS O Get the Facts O Why does this matter? O What can You do?

24. REFERENCES O Cowley, C., Farley, T. (2001). Adolescent girls’ attitudes toward pregnancy. Journal of Family Practice. July 2001. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0689/is_7_50/ai_76751072/ O Hamilton, B.E., Martin, J.A. & Ventura, S.J. (2010). Births: Preliminary data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports, 59(3). O Kaye, K., Suellentrop, K., and Sloup, C. (2009). The Fog Zone: How Misperceptions, Magical Thinking, and Ambivalence Put Young Adults at Risk for Unplanned Pregnancy. Washington, DC: The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. O Klein, J. (2005). Adolescent pregnancy: Current trends and issues. Pediatrics. Vol. 116 No. 1. Pg. 281-286. O Macleod, C., & Tracey, T. (2010). A decade later: follow-up review of South African research on the consequences of and contributory factors in teen-aged pregnancy. South African Journal of Psychology, 40(1), 18-31. O Martin, J.A., Hamilton, B.E., Sutton, P.D., Ventura, S.J., Menacker, F., Kirmeyer, S., Mathews, T.J. (2009). Births: Final data for 2006. Centers for Disease Control: Division of Vital Statistic, 57(7), 102. Retrieved From http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr57/nvsr57_07.pdf O Meana, M., & Thaler, L. (2004). Teen sexuality and pregnancy in Nevada (Master's thesis). 5 November. Retrieved February 13, 2012. O Minnick, D.J., & Shandler, L. (2011). Changing adolescent perceptions on teenage pregnancy. Oxford Journals: Practice Highlights, 33(4), 241-248. Retrieved From http://cs.oxfordjournals.org/content/33/4/241.full.pdf O National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. ( 2002). Not just a another single issue: Teen pregnancy prevention’s link to other critical social issues. Washington, DC: Author. O Owens, S. (2010). Life after birth: A memoir of survival and success as a teenage mother. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse. O Reinberg, S. (2012, January19).More than half of teens who gave birth weren’t using contraception: CDC. Health Day. Retrieved From http://www.highbeam.com O Teen Birth Rates Declined Again in 2009. (2011). Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http://www.cdc.gov/features/dsteenpregnancy/#source O Tracy L. Glass, T. L., Tucker, K., Stewart, R., Baker, T. E., Kauffm, R. P. (2010). Infant feeding and contraceptive practices among adolescents with a high teen pregnancy rate: A 3-year retrospective study. Journal of Woman’s Health, 19, 9 1659-1653.

25. GROUP ACTIVITY O Please get into your presentation groups…