1. Limiting Reagent Stoichiometry!

2. So far In all our reactions, we assume both reactants get used up We assume both reactants provided are pure We rarely see these two. – Limiting reagents – Percent Purity – Percent Yield So in a chemical reaction, we typically only use up one reactant and the other one is usually left over (excess)

3. Baking example You have 1 bag of flour 1 bag of sugar Same size You will use up your bag of flour before you can use up your bag of sugar. So your bag of flour will be your limiting reagent Your bag of sugar is your excess

4. Why? We have excess amounts so that the one that is limiting will get used up – If it is too expensive, we want to use it up – If it is harmful to the environment, we want to react it to a less harmful chemical It can also be unavoidable as we usually do have chemical that is in high quantities – Air is all around us and if the reaction involves air, it is in excess

5. Key Terms Excess Reagent = reagent that is in excess, will not get used up in the reaction Limiting Reagent = reagent that will get used up fully in the reaction To find, we need to convert to MOLES of product. We cannot tell just by given the mass of our reactants. The amount of products we form will be called the theoretical yield.

6. Simulation!

7. Note! We refer to moles, not mass for limiting reagent. Just because something has a smaller mass doesn’t mean it is limiting! A limiting reagent question will always show enough information to get to moles for both reactants!

8. Steps to solve Convert mass of both reagents to moles of reagents Convert both moles of reagent to the moles of ONE PRODUCT! Whichever one is less will be the limiting reagent Whichever one is in excess will have some remaining, we can calculate what is leftover if we find the moles of excess used up and subtract from starting!

9. Example 2Al + 3I 2 → AlI 3 Determine the limiting reagent and theoretical yield of the product if – A) 1.20 mol Al and 2.40 mol iodine – B) 1.20g of Al and 2.40g of iodine – C) How many grams of Al are left over in part b?

10. Example 15.00g of aluminum sulfide and 10.00g of water react until the limiting reagent is used up Al 2 S 3 + 6H 2 O → 2Al(OH) 3 + 3H 2 S A) Which is the limiting reagent? B) What is the mass of H 2 S which can be formed from the limiting reagent? C) How much excess reagent remains after the reaction is complete?

11. Percentage Yield and Percentage Purity

12. Assumptions It is assumed in a chemical reaction that our products are always produced 100% pure. That means whatever we started with will all turn into our pure product So we make many assumptions What we start with will all turn into product – Percentage yield What we make is 100% pure – Percentage purity

13. Not always the case We will get percentages of both This is due to – Impure products – Reactants not measured exactly – Recovery of products is difficult – Human error in transfer of steps

14. Percentage yield The percent of what we actually get compared to what we expect The higher the better! Percentage yield = actual yield / theoretical yield x 100% Actual yield = the actual amount of product formed in the experiment Theoretical yield = the amount of product expected from calculation NOTE – No way to get below 0% or above 100%

15. Percentage Purity The measure of how much desired product is present in a mass of impure product Percentage purity = mass of desired product / mass of impure product x 100% The higher the better as it means our product is pure! Very important in chemistry and in not so legal things (breaking bad) No way we can go below 0% or over 100% 100% purity is very tough to achieve!

16. Steps to solving Do your calculation as if we are doing any stoichiometry calculation Assume everything is 100% percentage Apply the percentage yield and purity calculation at the very end.

17. Example When 45.8g of K 2 CO 3 are reacted completed with excess HCl, 46.3g of KCl are produced. Water and carbon dioxide are also formed. Calculate the theoretical yield and the percent yield of KCl. K 2 CO 3 + 2HCl → 2KCl + H 2 O + CO 2 Find our limiting first!

18. Example Consider the reaction below 3Mg(OH) 2 + 2H 3 PO 4 → Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 + 6H 2 O Calculate the mass of Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 that will be formed from the reaction of 15.0g Mg(OH) 2 that has a percentage purity of 85% with excess H 3 PO 4 Assume that the Mg(OH) 2 is 100% pure first!

19. Example What mass of K 2 CO 3 is produced when 1.50g of KO 2 is reacted with an excess of CO 2 according to the reaction 4KO 2 + 2CO 2 → 2K 2 CO 3 + 3O 2 If our reaction has a percent yield of 76.0%?

20. Magic Triangle You can make magic triangles for both calculation %y = a/t %p = d/i

21. Homework Page 133 #26-32 (odd) Page 137 #33-38 (odd) Limiting reagent worksheet Stoichiometry Review worksheets