“Between animal and human medicine there is no dividing line, nor should there be” (Robert Virchow 1821-1902)

International Cooperation in support of «One Health»
7th ICAHIS (International Conference of Animal Health Information Specialists) Boston, USA, 3-8 May 2013 Marie Teissier Information Specialist –

“Between animal and human medicine there is no dividing line, nor should there be” (Robert Virchow )

A “Globalized World”

An Increase of Global Population: 1950-2050
Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision

Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases

Number of Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) Events per Decade by Transmission Type
EID events = classified by the temporal origin of the original case or cluster of cases that represents a disease emerging in the human population Zoonotic potential of animal pathogens: 60% of human pathogens are zoonotic 75% of emerging diseases are zoonotic 80% of agents having a potential bioterrorist use are zoonotic pathogens Many of them have a proven link with wildlife →Need of prevention and control Jones K et al. Nature, Vol 451:21 February doi: /nature06536

Adoption of the ‘Manhattan Principles’ 12 recommendations with 2 aims:
One World, One Health TM* Symposium - Building Interdisciplinary Bridges to Health in a “Globalized World”, Rockefeller University, NY City, September 2004 Adoption of the ‘Manhattan Principles’ 12 recommendations with 2 aims: preventing epidemic/epizootic disease maintaining ecosystem integrity Cooperating at the human-animal-ecosystem health interface strengthening interdisciplinary cross-sectoral cooperation: “Only by breaking down the barriers among agencies, individuals, specialities and sectors can we unleash the innovation and expertise needed to meet the many serious challenges to the health of people, domestic animals, and wildlife and to the integrity of ecosystems…” *TM Wildlife Conservation Society

Tripartite Cooperation
Long history of cooperation between the OIE, FAO and WHO before the current interest in One Health Moving towards the One Health approach despite the fact that it did not yet have a name Cooperation Agreements Signed as soon as 1952 (OIE/FAO) and 1960 (OIE/ WHO) Based on the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Veterinary Public Health of 1975 an OIE/FAO/WHO Study Group on Future Trends in Veterinary Public Health (VPH) met in 1999 and established VPH as an area of cooperation among the three organizations A joint report on The Veterinary Contribution to Public Health Practice, which established veterinary public health (VPH) as an area of cooperation among the three organizations that year later would become an important facilitator in formulating an international response to avian flu. 47 Furthermore, between the OIE and the WHO, one can trace long-standing cooperation dating back to 1961, the 14th World Health Assembly (exchange of letters): a collaboration that then took the form of an official agreement approved by the 57th World Health Assembly (2004).48 The agreement mentions that both organisations shall cooperate to exchange information on “zoonotic or/and foodborne diseases of recognized or potential international public health importance” and for the “Joint elaboration, advocacy and technical support to national, regional or global programmes for the control or elimination of major zoonotic and foodborne diseases or emerging/reemerging issues of common interest.” 1

Joint OIE/FAO network of expertise for the control of avian influenza - OFFLU
established in 2005 by OIE and FAO to develop research, offer veterinary expertise to Member Countries to assist in the control of AI, it collaborates with WHO issues relating to the animal-human interface Expanded to OIE-FAO network of expertise on all animal influenza in 2009 Objectives: -To exchange scientific data and biological materials (including virus strains) within the network, to analyse such data, and to share such information with the wider scientific community. -To offer technical advice, training and veterinary expertise to Member Countries to assist in the prevention, diagnosis, surveillance and control of animal influenza. -To collaborate with the WHO influenza network on issues relating to the animal-human interface, including early preparation of human vaccine. -To highlight influenza research needs, promote their development and ensure co-ordination. 1

Global Framework for the Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs)
Agreement between the OIE and the FAO (Paris, ) Replaces a previous 50 year old agreement Strengthens complementarities and synergies of OIE / FAO through: Early warning systems Collection and analysis of animal health information Design and implementation of strategies for disease control Promotion of research WHO associated in case of zoonoses

One Health Agenda January 2006: People’s Republic of China/European Commission/World Bank/OIE/WHO/FAO International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza December 2007: at the New Delhi International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza, the global avian influenza response moves towards a broader ‘One World, One Health’ agenda, focusing on the intersections of animal, human and ecosystem health October 2008: Verona, FAO-OIE-WHO Joint Technical Consultation on Avian Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface October 2008: OIE/FAO/WHO/UNICEF/UN System Influenza Coordinator/World Bank “Strategic Framework” for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal–Human–Ecosystems Interface presented at the Sharm el Sheikh Inter Ministerial Conference on Avian Influenza Beijing Declaration At the International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza (Final as of 18th January), January 2006, Beijing The International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Pandemic Influenza was convened in Beijing, China under the co-sponsorship of the Government of the People’s Republic of China, the European Commission and the World Bank and in close coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The conference was attended by representatives from more than 100 countries around the world and representatives of international technical and financing agencies, organizations, the private sector and civil society. The conference was organized to promote, mobilize, and help coordinate financial support from the donor community for the national, regional and global response to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and to support efforts at all levels to prepare for a possible human influenza pandemic. The pledging conference drew on recommendations previously developed by the international community including the Resolution of Enhancing Capacity building in Global Public Health adopted at the 60th Session of UN General Assembly and the FAO/OIE/WHO/World Bank-sponsored International Meeting on Avian Influenza and Human Pandemic Preparedness held in Geneva on 7-9 November, 2005. -The New Delhi International Ministerial Conference on Avian Influenza proposes ‘One Word One Health’ theme. As the global avian influenza response moves towards a bigger, overarching ‘One World, One Health’ agenda, focusing on the intersections of animal, human and ecosystem health proposed at the December 2007 Delhi inter-ministerial meeting and being elaborated for the 2008 Sharm El-Sheikh international ministerial conference, these issues become even more pertinent. 1

Adoption of the Beijing Declaration (quote):
17-18 January 2006, Beijing, China A decisive step towards cross-sectoral international cooperation through promotion and coordination of financial support Adoption of the Beijing Declaration (quote): “ We, Participants in the Conference, commit ourselves to ensuring effective development and implementation of integrated national action plans within the framework of WHO/FAO/OIE global strategies guided by political leadership at the highest level, to mobilizing resources in our countries and to drawing upon government, civil society and the private sector to effect a coordinated response…by taking advantage of the expertise and the existing technical networks established by UN, WHO, FAO, OIE and other relevant organizations and groups…”

Influenza Coordination
Contributing to One World, One Health* A Strategic Framework for Reducing Risks of Infectious Diseases at the Animal–Human–Ecosystems Interface 14 October 2008 UN System Influenza Coordination THE WORLD BANK *Used with permission of the Wildlife Conservation Society 1

Contributing to One World, One Health: A Strategic Framework…
Presented at the 2008 Sharm El Sheikh International Conference on Avian Influenza “…builds on the existing approaches and mandates of international institutions and other partners to form a flexible network… able to adapt and respond rapidly to all new health emergencies …” with specific objectives and outputs at national, regional and international levels: Strengthen public and animal health capacity, prevention, detection and rapid emergency response to any disease outbreaks Develop surveillance and monitoring capacity Promote inter-agency and cross-sectoral collaboration and partnerships Control HPAI and other existing and potentially re-emerging infectious diseases Conduct strategic research

One Health Agenda March 2009: One World One Health – from ideas to action, Winnipeg, Canada April 2010: Second FAO-OIE-WHO Joint Scientific Consultation : Influenza and other Emerging Zoonotic Diseases at the Human Animal Interface, Verona, Italy April 2010: International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza, Hanoi, Vietnam: adoption of OIE/FAO/WHO Tripartite Concept Note May 2010: Operationalizing “One Health”: A Policy Perspective-Taking Stock and Shaping an Implementation Roadmap, Stone Mountain, Georgia, USA

The « Stone Mountain » Meeting, Stone Mountain, Georgia, USA, May 4-6, 2010
CDC, OIE, FAO, WHO defined a 3-5 year vision of One Health : culture change increased visibility political will/financial support optimal coordinated efforts

One Health Priority Partnerships
OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) WHO (World Health Organization) Other United Nations Organisations Regional Organisations (AU-IBAR*, ASEAN**, SADC*** etc) World Bank WTO (World Trade Organization) EC (European Commission) Private Sector Donors CVO’s (Chief Veterinary officers) NGO’s (Non-governmental Organisations) *African Union/Interafrican bureau for agricultural resources **Association of Southeast Asian Nations ***South Asian Association for regional Cooperation

2010 Tripartite Concept Note – April 2010 (released at the International Ministerial Conference on Avian and Pandemic Influenza, Hanoi, Vietnam) Vision A world capable of preventing, detecting, containing, eliminating, and responding to animal and public health risks attributable to zoonoses and animal diseases with an impact on food security through multi-sectoral cooperation and strong partnerships Regional and international partnerships are needed and the OIE has signed around 50 agreements with such organizations representing regional and international bodies, donors and private companies or stakeholder associations involved in prevention and control programmes Expanding upon the 2008 Joint Strategic Framework, the OIE, in partnership with FAO and WHO, disseminated a Tripartite Concept note, detailing how we would collaborate on this issue - common vision - outlined activities that we would focus our collaboration on - also currently being further defined into more specific actions related to these activities “…recent efforts … have underscored the fact that successful and sustained results are possible when functional collaborations are established…” 1

« Tripartite Concept Note » FAO-OIE-WHO Tripartite Cooperation
Address gaps and strengthen collaboration at the human-animal-ecosystems interfaces with priority topics for joint actions: rabies, which still kills nearly 70,000 people every year, zoonotic influenza viruses and antimicrobial resistance Achieve alignment and coherence of related global standard setting activities: FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius standards on food safety OIE Codes/Manuals/Evaluation Tool for Performance of Veterinary services (PVS Pathway) for animal International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) WHO International Health regulation (IHR) for public health Prepare tripartite protocols for risk assessment, management and communication, recommendations and guidance for countries on identifying data gaps Develop normative standards and field programs to achieve One Health goals a joint report on The Veterinary Contribution to Public Health Practice, which established veterinary public health (VPH) as an area of cooperation among the three organizations that year later would become an important facilitator in formulating an international response to avian flu. Furthermore, between the OIE and the WHO, one can trace long-standing cooperation dating back to 1961, the 14th World Health Assembly (exchange of letters): a collaboration that then took the form of an official agreement approved by the 57th World Health Assembly (2004). The agreement mentions that both organisations shall cooperate to exchange information on “zoonotic or/and foodborne diseases of recognized or potential international public health importance” and for the “Joint elaboration, advocacy and technical support to national, regional or global programmes for the control or elimination of major zoonotic and foodborne diseases or emerging/re-emerging issues of common interest.” achieve alignment and coherencof related global standard setting activities (Codex Alimentarius, OIE and IPPC) referred to in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. *International Plant Protection Convention 1

Tripartite Collaboration
Global Early Warning and Response System (zoonoses) OIE / WHO / FAO: GLEW’s Crisis management Centre – Animal Health (CMC-AH) United States Agency for International Development (USAID) IDENTIFY component of the Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) Program OIE-WHO Collaboration on governance – collaboration in process, focus on comparison of the respective animal and human health governance systems and opportunities for harmonization – particularly related to capacity building 1

combines and coordinates the alert and response mechanisms of OIE, FAO and WHO
assists in prediction, prevention and control of animal disease threats, including zoonoses 1

GLEWS Zoonotic Diseases of Interest
Anthrax Brucellosis (B. melitensis) BSE Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever Ebola virus Foodborne Diseases Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Japanese equine encephalitis Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever New world screwworm Nipah Virus Old world screwworm Q fever Rabies Rift Valley fever Sheep Pox/Goat Pox Tularemia Venezuelan equine encephalitis West Nile fever Non-Zoonotic Diseases: African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever, Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia, Foot and mouth disease, Peste des Petits Ruminants, Rinderpest 1

FAO-OIE-WHO partnership
Crisis management Centre – Animal Health established in 2006 by FAO and OIE Mandated for rapid response to HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza), other TADs and emerging disease threats OIE and FAO’s network of expertise Partnership agreement for official WHO collaboration Links with other OIE, FAO and WHO mechanisms including OIE-PVS Pathway and GLEWS The CMC-AH is a joint OIE-FAO mechanism to provide rapid technical advice and support to countries requesting assistance with animal disease crises. This technical assistance is provided by a CMC-AH multidisciplinary expert team which is deployed to a country following a specific request. The CMC-AH was initially established in response to the rapid global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1; however in recent times missions have been triggered by other aquatic and terrestrial animal health disease events. Collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) is an important part of the response when animal health crises involve zoonoses (infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to people). Operations and logistics are managed from FAO Headquarters in Rome and expert support is provided by OIE and FAO’s network of expertise including OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres. The CMC-AH links with other OIE, FAO and WHO mechanisms including OIE-PVS Pathway and the tripartite Global Early Warning and Response System for Major Animal Diseases, including Zoonoses (GLEWS) 1

Laboratory Capacity Building and Networking
IDENTIFY project of the USAID Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) Program Jointly implemented in 2009 with OIE, FAO and WHO to: Strengthen diagnostic capacities in 2 geographic “hot spots”: Congo Basin region, South east/South Asia region Link laboratory networks in the animal and human health sectors through OIE/FAO/WHO existing institutional mechanisms Develop guidance, policy and training USAID funded project (tripartite) focused on 2 (3) “hot spot” regions (Congo Basin, SE Asia, Gangetic Plains of South Asia) Donor (USAID) has restricted implementation to Congo Region (for OIE, out of the Gaborone office), SE Asia (for OIE out of the Bangkok office), and partial South Asia; requests strong concentration on country-level activities/interventions Entering year 3 of 5 – substantial progress on laboratory networking in project regions, stakeholder meetings, disease prioritization, training started (e.g, infectious substances specimen shipment), Pilot implementation of OIE laboratory focal points. Two regions only as separate pilots 1

Expanding the scientific basis for effective “One Health” approaches
OIE Conferences on Veterinary Education 2009 and 2011 (3rd Conference: Brazil, December 2013) recommend “One Health” incorporation in curricula OIE Global Conference on Veterinary Legislation, Djerba, Tunisia, 7-9 December 2010 OIE/FAO/WHO/WCS Global Conference on Wildlife Animal Health and Biodiversity, Paris, France, February 2011 OIE/FAO/WHO Global Conference on Rabies Control, Incheon–Seoul (Republic of Korea) 7-9 September 2011

Veterinary/Medical Education
First Global Conference: "Evolving veterinary education for a safer world”, Paris, France, October 2009 For enhanced collaboration between all stakeholders, the One Health approach should be integrated in curricula, university and vocational training courses Second OIE “World Conference on Veterinary Education”, Lyon, France,13 to 14 May 2011 Recommendation 16:“Countries and regions should encourage stronger cooperation between the various education systems for animal health and human health” Third OIE Global Conference on Veterinary Education will take place from 4 to 6 December 2013 in Foz do Iguazu (Brazil) 1

In collaboration with Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), FAO and WHO
Key considerations Biodiversity and ecosystems services contribute to health Need to increase the capacity of all countries worldwide to conduct surveillance, early detection, and response to diseases in wildlife Responsibilities of Veterinary Services and their government partners to protect and improve animal health, including aspects related to wildlife and biodiversity RECOMMEND TO THE OIE To continue developing science-based standards on disease detection, prevention, and control as well as safe trade measures to harmonise the policies related to disease risks at the interfaces between wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. 2. To continue supporting and updating the notification mechanisms of wildlife diseases through the global information systems OIE WAHIS and WAHIS-Wild, while carefully considering possible impact of such notification by Members on the trade in domestic animals and their products, and to further promote data sharing at the international level on the GLEWS platform. 3. To assist Members to strengthen their Veterinary Services to protect animal health including aspects related to wildlife and biodiversity using, if needed, the OIE PVS Pathway. 4. To encourage OIE Delegates to utilise their OIE focal points on wildlife to identify needs for national capacity building. 5. To support Members’ ability to access and utilise appropriate sampling and diagnostic expertise, as well as validated tools for disease surveillance and management in domestic and wild animals. 6. To encourage research to expand the scientific basis for the protection of biodiversity and environment to promote animal health and public health. 7. To encourage systematic inclusion, in the curriculum for veterinary education, of the promotion, the protection and the improvement of animal health and animal welfare including aspects related to wildlife and biodiversity. 8. To explore opportunities for communication and establishing strong collaboration with relevant global public and private organisations working on wildlife and biodiversity such as FAO1, WHO2, UNEP3, IUCN4, CIC5, CITES6 and other relevant Multilateral Environmental Agreements and international organisations to strengthen support to existing regulations on trade in wildlife and wildlife products and advocate for the need for mobilisation of resources in this area. 9. To continue to develop and update OIE strategies and policies on wildlife and biodiversity through the work of the Scientific Commission and its Working Group on Wildlife Diseases as well as the network of OIE Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres. RECOMMEND TO OIE MEMBERS 10. To continue to implement international standards and guidelines on prevention and control of diseases including those transmissible among wildlife, domestic animals and humans. 11. To continue to implement international standards and guidelines to facilitate the acceptable, legal trade of wildlife animals and wildlife products and to help reducing the illegal trade in wildlife. 12. To notify diseases in wildlife through WAHIS and WAHIS-Wild, including in quarantine facilities, while carefully acknowledging when the notifications should not impact on trade of domestic animals and their products with commercial partners according to the OIE standards on relevant diseases. 13. To ensure that the national Veterinary Services and their partners fulfill their responsibilities on aspects of biodiversity conservation, animal health and animal welfare as they relate to wildlife and the environment, including appropriate legislation and regulation, and, where needed, seek assistance through the OIE PVS Pathway to improve their services. 14. To nominate and support national OIE Focal Points for Wildlife in their tasks and encourage their collaboration with partner agencies and organizations. 15. To seek and apply appropriate sampling and diagnostic expertise and validated disease management tools for wildlife diseases, including with the participation of private veterinarians, medical doctors, community workers, fishermen, hunters, rangers, and other stakeholders. 16. To support relevant research to expand the scientific basis for the protection of biodiversity and environment to promote animal health as well as public health. 17. To support systematic inclusion, in the curriculum for veterinary education, of the promotion, the protection and the improvement of animal health and animal welfare including aspects related to wildlife and biodiversity. In collaboration with OIE, FAO and WHO Rabies control is considered as a priority model to apply the “One Health” concept by countries and Intergovernmental Organisations Recommendations e.g.: to encourage research to expand the scientific basis for the protection of biodiversity and environment to promote animal and public health 1

Puts into action the principles of the OIE/FAO/WHO Tripartite Note
High Level Technical Meeting on Health Risks at the Human-Animal-Ecosystems Interfaces, Mexico City, November 2011* Puts into action the principles of the OIE/FAO/WHO Tripartite Note Establishing intersectoral collaboration through: Political will, trust and financial support Achieving effective disease surveillance and response through: Strong governance structures and aligned legal frameworks Ensuring early detection and rapid response through: Sharing information in disease surveillance and reporting The focus of the HLTM was to initiate a process in which health risks at human-animal-ecosystem interfaces are addressed within different geographic regions and to prepare for the next Joint Ministerial Meeting. Special focus on zoonotic influenza, rabies, and antimicrobial resistance

G20 Ministerial Declaration Meeting of G20 Agriculture Ministers, June Action Plan on Food Price Volatility and Agriculture As far as public health, animal health and plant health are concerned, “we stress the importance of strengthening international and regional networks, international standards… …We encourage international organizations, especially FAO, WHO, OIE, Codex, IPPC and WTO to continue their efforts towards enhancing interagency cooperation” (Point 25 of the Ministerial Declaration)

OIE 5th Strategic Plan 2011-2015 New actions
The application of the ‘One Health’ concept for the reduction of risks of infectious diseases at the animal–human–ecosystems interface considering: The contribution of animal health and veterinary public health to the improvement of food security → strengthen food security through the reduction of disease in food-producing animals and in bees The relation between animal production and environment: the impact of climate and environmental changes on the occurrence and geographical spread of diseases, disease vectors and invasive species, and the impact of animal production practices on environment and climate change

Resolution 27: The “One Health” Approach to Address Health Risks at the Animal-Human-Ecosystem Interface (Point 9): “The FAO/OIE/WHO Tripartite Concept Note be used as a basis for the cooperation of the OIE with WHO and FAO, and this also serve as a framework for the work of the OIE with other key partners such as the World Bank and European Union, civil society, the private sector and the many other supporters of the “One Health” approach”

Thank you for your attention
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale World Organisation for Animal Health Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal 12 rue de Prony, Paris, France - – 1

12 rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France - www.oie.int – oie@oie.int
Thank you again for your attention Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale World Organisation for Animal Health Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal 12 rue de Prony, Paris, France - – 1

“Between animal and human medicine there is no dividing line, nor should there be” (Robert Virchow 1821-1902)

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“Between animal and human medicine there is no dividing line, nor should there be” (Robert Virchow 1821-1902)

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