The Emergence of Modern Canada

The Emergence of Modern Canada

Introduction 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan join confederation.
This made Canada a country that now stretched from sea to sea. Even with Canada’s vast territory it feared takeover from the US. This was both political and economic. Canada was also struggling with trying to find a greater independence from Britain, and they wanted more control over its own foreign affairs. Canada was still a part of the British Empire, but this created problems within Canada. The constant struggle of English and French relations. Laurier worked towards bringing French and English Canadians together as one in Canada.

Introduction

Still A British Nation Even though Canada had its own government during this period in time, it was still considered a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Britain still had the responsibility of solving issues that took place between Canada and other countries. Because of this some Canadians were disappointed from time to time in the way Britain dealt with issues. Britain did not always have Canada’s best interest in mind when making decisions for them. Case in point is the ‘Alaskan panhandle’ dispute.

Still A British Nation

Still A British Nation Laurier in the political cartoon is seen bowing to Uncle Sam during the Alaska Boundary dispute.

Introduction Global markets opened up for Canada’s mineral, lumber, wheat, and manufacturing goods. Immigrants began to flock to Canada from Europe, Britain, US and Asia. People traveled along the newly constructed railways to settle into their new lives in Canada’s West. Technology was beginning to boom. Telephones, wireless radios, cars, planes, and motion pictures.

Introduction With the population growth come social reforms.
Women and aboriginals began to look for equality and human right. Labour unions began to pop up on the work site. Even with the new social reforms, discrimination still did take place. Immigrants found it hard adjusting to the new society. Social equality was not fully developed.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier 7th Prime Minister of Canada 1896-1911
French-Canadien “Golden Age of Laurier”

Laurier is Elected The 1896 election ended 20 years of conservative power in Canada, but also brought Canada its first French Canadian PM. This extremely pleased the Quebecers. They wanted a government that would protect the French language and culture, and Roman Catholic rights. French-English relations had always been a problem in Canada, but they had reached new levels with the execution of Louis Riel.

Conflict and Compromise
Laurier was interested in promoting national unity, and protect Canadian interest abroad. He wanted a nation that was united with both French and English speaking citizens. It was the violation of the Manitoba Act were English only education was developed that helped Laurier win the election in 1896. Macdonald refused to intervene in the situation, and most French-Canadians turned and voted for Laurier.

Imperialism: A French English Split

French and English relations in Canada have always been difficult and rocky. Most English were loyal to the mother country in Britain and her Empire, and most French felt as though they had not connection anymore to Britain. Those loyal to the Empire were called imperialists. As a result of Canada being a British colony, and then British protectorate, Canada had always relied on Britain for naval and military support. Britain had the most powerful navy at the turn of the century. Some were stationed in Halifax and Esquimalt. Many viewed military affairs as the responsibility of the British imperial government in London.

Most English speaking Canadians were still proud to be British subjects under the crown. This being the case they were glad to help Britain out when needed. Boar War. People shared in the idea of expanding the British empire through imperialist ways. Most French speaking Canadians did not care for the British Empire. Many were descendents of New France and the people who settled it 200 years earlier. They saw themselves as Canadiens, and not British subjects. The French tended to be nationalists and not loyal to the crown. They were disappointed in the decision to send troops to the Boar War.

Language rights continued to be an issue in Canada. The French lost the right to French instruction in Manitoba, and then Alberta and Saskatchewan. Henri Bourassa stated that maybe Canadiens would be better off without Canada because their rights as a minority were not being protected as promised at confederation.

As the 1900’s approach, things began to change in Canada, and the dependence we once had was shifting to the other side. Britain was now turning to Canada for support and finance on the military front. Imperial Issues/Events

The South African War

The Naval Issue

The Alaska Boundary Dispute

The Laurier Boom During Laurier’s time in office, Canada’s economy began to see great prosperity, and world prices and markets began to expand for Canadian products. A rise in industrial production created demand for raw materials. This allowed Canada to increase prices based on the demand creating more profit. Better shipping technology combined with lower freight rate helped the export of Canadian goods. New technologies in production allowed for Canada to make the most of its natural resources. Pulp and paper, and mining of the Shield for rich ore deposits.

The Laurier Boom The CPR allowed for expansion West, and helped the industrial boom reach BC. Dramatic growths in lumbering and mining. Within 10 years the forest industry grew from $2 million to $65 million. Harvest rights and accessibility led to cutting frenzies. Rising world prices helped the agricultural industry to thrive on the prairies. Farmers began to increase production and diversify there crops. The region was not the “bread basket of the world,” and not the agricultural hinterland of Canada. New hydro electric potential was beginning to be harnessed for use in the new factories and mines.

The “Last Best West”

The “Last Best West” The “Last Best West” was the slogan used to attract people to Canada West to settle down as homesteaders and settlers. More money, more people, and more people, more money, become a common thought amongst the people in charge of settling the West. With the end of the depression, there was a demand for wheat around the world. There were no more homestead lands available in the US. The Canadian West started to look extremely appealing to people wanting to settle.

The “Last Best West” Nearly all immigration between ’s in North America was to the US. Nobody wanted to come to the barren, unpopulated land of Canada. Those who did come to Canada usually left for the US because of lack of work, or the harsh climate. Between , the Canadian government encouraged people to come and settle in the West. During these years the prairie population increased dramatically, and Clifford Sifton become the new Minister of the Interior in charge of immigration.

The “Last Best West” Sifton was a westerner, and was dedicated to populating the prairies. He launched a recruitment program to try and lure people to come and settle in the prairies. It targeted the European and US people who would make good farmers.

The “Last Best West” Sifton brought controversy when he encourage immigrants from the grasslands of eastern and central Europe. They understood dryland farming methods. Many Canadians were uncomfortable with newcomers who would be bringing a different language and culture into theirs. Sifton had created an open-door policy, and he defended it. Sifton stated that “a stalwart peasant in a sheep skin coat, born of the soil, whose forefathers had been farmers for ten generations, … is good quality.”

The “Last Best West” The settlers who come to the prairies were a much more diverse group as a result of Sifton’s open-door policy. Ukrainians, Russians, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Rumanians, Austrians, etc. British Settlers still made up 1/3 of all the immigrants. Many actually failed as farmers because of having no background in it. Many of the American settlers who come north of the border Assimilated into Canadian culture easily. They made great farmers, and were quite successful at it.

The “Last Best West” The average American brought $1000 and farming equipment when coming to Canada. The average European brought $15. Most Americans favored Alberta as their place to settle. Between , 1 million Americans settled in Canada. At the same time thousands of British Children were being sent to Canada. Many come from orphanages, or were unwanted children of poor parents. Others were just sent away by the authorities without choice of the parents.

The “Last Best West”

The “Last Best West” It was believed that the farms would be a good place for the children to eat well, and learn life skills. Some took the children in and adopted them, but others used it as a cheap source of labour. They were to be care for and sent to school through the winter, but many did not see the basic necessities of life. Some were beaten and force to live in barns and stables.

The Push-Pull Factors of Immigration
Between the population of Canada almost doubled. Table 7-1 in your text. 60% of the immigrant who come to Canada settled in the West. Canadian immigration succeeded because of “push-pull” factors. 1. A need t leave one’s homeland (push). 2. The lure of opportunity in another country (pull). Americans, British, Europeans, and Asians come as a result of the pull factor. Poor eastern and central Europeans come as a result of the push factor. The pull factor still did play a part. Ukrainians come because of repeated crop failure, starvation, and over population.

The Push-Pull Factors of Immigration
Push-pull factor often worked together, and not always independent of each other. i.e. Doukhobors, a group of Russians who come to escape military service because it was against their religion, and they were in search of free land. 1899, 7000 had settled in Saskatchewan.

Adjusting to Life on the Prairies
Once arriving on the prairies, homesteaders had to prepare for their new lives. First was raising $500 to buy a plough, a wagon, horses, and a milk cow. Many worked in the lumber industry, railway, mining camps, or other peoples farms to raise the money they needed to start. Many lived in primitive conditions on their new homesteads. Comfort was not a concern. Mud covered sod houses was the norm. Known as “soddie”. Made from thatched roofs, open windows covered with sacks, sod like bricks, and a wood frame. Usually they were infested with flies and fleas, and smelt during the hot prairies summers with leaks during the rainy season.

Adjusting was tough. Winters were cold, and the diet of the homesteaders was very monotonous. Natural disasters like hail, drought , and grasshopper infestation made things difficult. Most immigrants to the prairies succeeded despite the conditions. After a few years the soddies would be replaced with a more substantial home, and with more settlers come better roads and infrastructure to get to the towns and markets.

Newcomers in the Cities
Between , the population of the prairies increased by approx. 1.5 million. The increase effected the entire country. 1/3 of all the immigrants that landed in Canada during this time frame chose the cities as their place to settle. The developments in industry encouraged rural Canadians to move to the cites to live a more urban lifestyle. Montreal and Toronto doubled in size. 1914, the urban population was almost 50% of the total population. Only four cities in Canada had populations that exceeded 100,000 Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, and Vancouver.

Many immigrants coming to the cities could speak little English. Many were pushed into unsafe, low-paying factory jobs. A lot of the immigrants lived in ghettos. Lots lived in crowded two room buildings with little heat, fresh air, or water. Disease was common because of the poor living conditions.

Most people found work as unskilled labourers. Pay was $10-$15 a week, working hour days, and six days a week. The working conditions were usually poor. Job security did not exist. Most incomes were spent on housing and food. People did not have a lot of extra money to spend Lots of families had children that worked to help out, which in turn resulted in no education for them and neglect from the parents because of the long working hours.

At this time the government did not feel responsible for the poor, or any type of social welfare programs. The poor relied on each other, and charitable organizations for help.

Railways To Everywhere
The economy in Canada was booming during the Laurier period, and with the boom come the construction of two new transcontinental railways through the West. The Canadian Northern Railway, and the Grand Trunk Railway. Both come as farmers become fed up with the CPR and the high prices they were charging for shipping. They also come at a time were most of the land around the CPR had been taken, and people were having to move farther away. The Canadian Northern Railway and Grand Trunk both sought federal and provincial aid to built the rail lines. Railway development.

The Canadian Northern Railway extended its prairie line eastward to Quebec, and west on a northern route to the pacific. 1901, BC invited owners William Mackenzie, and Donald Mann to extend their lines through the Yellowhead Pass, and down the Thompson River to Kamloops, and through to Vancouver. Mackenzie and Mann eventually built a financial business empire that included the railways, mining, lumber, and shipping. The Grand Trunk expanded much the same with government encouragement, but this time it come from Laurier who agreed to built a section eastward for areas not serviced by the CPR or Canadian Northern. The Grand Trunk followed the same western route as the Canadian Northern through the Yellowhead Pass, but it continued across Northern BC to Prince Rupert.

With the outbreak of WWI, all of the new railways that were not a part of the CPR were consolidated as one. This was done to avoid the financial hardships because they were becoming unprofitable with less immigration and British capital. The single railway become know as the Canadian National Railways, which was to be owned by the people.

The Rise of Unions Canada was prosperous, but the prosperity of the time was something that was not shared around equally. A few major corporate giants controlled a majority of the industry and finance of the country. i.e. Imperial Oil, Massey-Harris, and Dunsmuir Coal. Few people in the population were able to see any of the money in these companies, and their wealth sharply contrasted that of the poor working class people.

The Rise of Unions Many flaunted their wealth and built huge mansions and homes for themselves. i.e. Dunsmuir Craigdarroch Castle in Victoria. The gap between the poor working class and the wealth grew bigger, and workers began to look for their share in the wealth they generated for the owners of the businesses.

The Rise of Unions

The Rise of Unions Labour unions began to arise between 1880-1910.
Approx. 10% of all workers joined a union during this time. The problems the unions faced was that the employers could easily replace the workers, and the government and legal system tended to favor the rich owners opposed to the workers. Companies had private police to del with any disturbances that may have arisen from public protest or people wanting to go on strike. Between 1910 and WWI, there were a number of different violent confrontations that erupted between employers and workers. Coal miners in Nanaimo who worked for the Dunsmuir family were involved in a 2 year strike over unsafe working conditions and low pay. Pg. 270 of your text.

Closing the Door to Immigration
Not everyone was a fan of the immigration that was happening as a result of the Sifton open-door policy. Labour organizations seen it as a threat, British Canadians feared that it would alter the British character of the country, and the French feared that they would become more of a minority and their culture and language would be lost. Businesses liked the idea of the immigration because it provided a cheap labour pool for them to hire people out of Immigration was especially an issue in BC were many felt that their jobs were threatened by the large numbers of Asian immigrants. BC pressured the federal government to do something as a result.

Closing the Door to Immigration
1905, Frank Oliver replace Sifton as Minister of the Interior. Oliver agreed with reducing the number of immigrants, and he introduced a more selective immigration policy. He especially agreed with limiting the number of non-white immigrants. Provincial governments began to restrict the Chinese, Japanese, and East Indian immigration.

British Columbia: The “Golden Mountain”
The construction of the CPR and the Cariboo Gold Rush brought large amounts of Chinese immigrants to BC. They comprised the largest group of Asian immigrants. 1891, 9400 Chinese were living in BC. Many had planned to return back to China. A majority lived in “Chinatowns”, which become places of business and cultural organizations. A majority of the Chinese workers were employed in the salmon canning and coal mining industries on Vancouver Island. Many companies wanted to hire the Chinese because they would work hard for low wages.

Victoria's ramshackle Chinatown 1886

It was the labour organizations that become key in getting exclusionary legislation against the Chinese because they felt their jobs were being threatened as a result the the Chinese undercutting them. Groups were formed to put up protest against the Asian immigration. i.e. Asiatic Exclusion League. Things come to a head in 1907 when Lt. Governor James Dunsmuir refused to sign a bill to exclude Japanese immigrants from entering Canada.

The actions of Dunsmuir had protesters march on Vancouver’s city hall, and a riot ensued. Roughly 1000 demonstrators marched through the streets of Chinatown and Japanese sections of the city damaging businesses, etc. The riot focused international attention on Vancouver. PM Laurier was embarrassed, and as a result of Japanese being a British ally, Laurier apologized and created a Royal Commission to look at the matter. The Government still went about setting a 400 person limit on the number of Japanese that were allowed in Canada per year.

By “Continuous Passage” Only
William Lyon Mackenzie King, Laurier’s Minister of Labour, was in charge of the Royal Commission that looked at the Vancouver Riots. He was too also look at the immigration of people from Asia as a whole, and look at how they had been enticed to come to Canada to work. Since 1904, CPR agents had been encouraging Sikhs to immigrate. It was difficult to restrict them access because they were British subject and could not be denied access to Canada.

To prevent any more East Indians from immigrating, the Immigration Act of 1906. It was now change to make sure the immigrants now had to come from their country of origin on a non-stop direct route. A direct route from India was impossible, and the government believed that they had solved the immigration issue. The amendment was challenged in 1914 when the Komagata Maru, a steamer chartered by Gurdit Singh, arrived in Vancouver with 354 Sikh immigrants.

Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver on May 23 after stops in China and Japan, and was immediately quarantined by Canadian authorities. Passengers were not allowed to leave the ship. Supporters argued that the continuous-passage rule was invalid, but the government would not budge. Officials and police officers tried boarding the ship, but they were bombed with sticks and bottles to keep them away. July 23 the ship was escorted out of the Vancouver Harbour by the cruiser Rainbow, one of the Naval ships Britain had loaned Canada.

Women’s Suffrage and Social Reform
At the turn of the century, women , Native Canadians, immigrants of Asian descent, and other newcomers to Canada, they did not have many rights. None of the above had the right to vote, and there was very little equality. Before the invention of such things as the washing machine, housework and child rearing consumed much of the average women’s day. Large families were common, and the risk of death or disability at child birth was high. Educational expectations were low because most women did not work outside the home after marriage. 1900, only 15% of the undergraduates at university were women. Women were banned from professions like law, and they were not eligible for scholarships.

Women’s suffrage come to the forefront in the Laurier era. These women were devoted to social reform, and trying to get the right to vote. Suffragists blamed the problems of society on the growing problem of alcoholism. Problems like child neglect and poverty were some of the things they looked at. 1885 the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was created, and they promoted prohibition.

Suffragist were also know as “maternal feminists” because they believed that the skills of wives and mothers would bring a fresh, companionate perspective to a male-dominated government. They believed that female influence could change laws to improve the lives of women and children. The suffragist movement was a worldwide movement, but Canadian women generally were a bit more peaceful. The campaign was led by the Canadian Women’s Suffrage Association, which was supported by the National Council of Women of Canada, founded by Lady Aberdeen. She was the wife of the Governor General, and had great influence because of husband.

The earliest successes for the suffragist movement come on the prairies. Some believe it was a result of the hardships women went through in the west being right beside the men when settling and beginning a homestead. Prairie men were more incline to give the vote because they seen what the women had gone through, considered them more as equals as a result, and it was a way for the farmers of the west to increase the farm vote to influence provincial governments. The west was the first to grant women’s suffrage.

Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta were the first to grant to vote to women in 1916. Time Line 7-1 pg. 277 of your text. In BC the fight for Suffrage was one that would last more than 45 years. 1871, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony visited Victoria and spoke for women’s rights. Following year a bill was proposed and turned down. 1873, women had property had the right to vote in municipal elections. 1899, another suffrage bill was shot down in legislature, but this time only by a vote of 1912, suffrage was a part of the Liberal campaign in BC. 1916, a referendum was passed on the issue, and in 1917 BC granted women the right to vote and hold political office.

It was believed that politics was a “man’s work”. It was beliefs like this that hindered the women’s suffrage movement. Nelly McClung was a well know suffragist. Campaigned for women’s rights. Was instrumental in the famous ‘Person's Case’ which saw Canadian women declared persons in 1929. She helped put on a play called ‘The Women's Parliament,’ a satire which turned the tables and poked fun at the dangers of giving men the right to vote. This was instrumental in getting women the right to vote in Manitoba first. Canada had the group know as the “famous five”. Nellie McClung, Emily Murphy, Henrietta Edwards, Louise McKinney, and Irene Parlby.

The Rights of the Native Peoples
With the policy of assimilation, the survival of native lands and culture was being threatened. There were attempted to make treaties to free up land for European settlement. Aboriginal people wanted to retain their culture, land, and traditions. To do so they based their claims on the Royal Proclamation of 1763 which recognized them as “Nations or Tribes, ” extended to them the protection of Britain, and recognized their right to own the land they had used and occupied.

Residential schools become common place in the policy for assimilation. Removing the children fro their families was detrimental to most. 1910, more than 60 school existed, most run by Christian religious groups. The Children received manual, vocational, and religious instruction in Christian faith. They wee not allowed to practice their traditions or culture, and could not speak in their language. It made it difficult to preserve and pass on their culture to future generations. The effects were detrimental.

The BC native were unique in their situation because they had been sheltered from a lot of the large scale settlement in Canada. It allowed them to retain the land longer. Overlap between the federal and provincial government responsibilities caused confusion in the ownership of Native lands. Provincial was control of Native lands, and federal was responsible for Indian affairs.

Settlers flooded BC during the Laurier era and this caused problems with issues of land and title to it. The federal government believed reserves were a priority. 1900, only 15 treaties had been concluded with the 200 BC native bands. 1911 the Native bands united to press for aboriginal title to the land, and they presented their claim to the provincial government. The problem was the provincial and federal governments could not agree on how to respond to the claims.

The McKenna-McBride Royal Commission was established to look and determine the size and location of Native reserves. It recommended adding land but taking away some of the most valuable land. The problem was the Indian Act of 1876 did not allow for cut-off lands unless the Native people agreed in which they did not. The Allied Tribes of BC rejected the report, and the federal government passed a law removing the requirement for consent to the sale of cut-off lands. The government believed they had closed the issue of land claims, but they Natives believed the issue was far from over. Nisga’s Land Claims on pg of your text.

The Nisga’a Land Claim Took place in BC, and has taken more than 90 years to resolve. August 4, 1998, representatives from the federal and provincial governments, and the Nisga’a First Nations signed the first modern treaty in BC. Allocated $200 million in treaty settlement funds, 1930 square km of land in the Lower Nass Valley, and ownership of 18 reserves outside of the area. They are entitled to all resources on Nisga’a owned land, have rights to timber outside settlement area, and have a guaranteed share of about 20% of the allowable catch of Nass River Salmon. The Nisga’a government can also make laws consistent with Canadian law, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and the Criminal Code.

The Nisga’a Land Claim Nisga’a Land Claim

The Nisga’a Land Claim The struggle for the Nisga’a land claim rights began in 1907. They were the first Native peoples in BC to pursue their goal of claiming title to their ancestral lands through the Canadian political system. They argued that because they had not signed a treaty with the provincial government, the concept of reserves for the Native peoples did not apply to them. Pg. 281. The Nisga’a chiefs wanted a treaty that would accomplish three things: Honour aboriginal title to the land. Give the Nisga’a larger reserves on which they live. Compensate the Nisga’a for any land they surrendered.

The Nisga’a Land Claim 1910, PM Laurier encouraged the Nisga’a to take their case to the Judicial Committee of the British Privy Council. The Council decided the claim must be heard in a Canadian court first. Laurier was no longer PM at the time of this and the case would never be heard. It was not till 1949 when Nisga’a chief Frank Calder was elected t the BC legislature, and 1960 when suffrage was granted to the Natives of Canada, that things began to change. The governments soon began to resolve issues of land and self government.

The Nisga’a Land Claim The Nisga’a treaty was the first treaty concluded west of the Rockies since BC joined confederation in 1871.

The New Century: Wonders of he Laurier Age
Things had now began to change. Technology was developing and the world around people was now becoming more accessible. Travel by car and plane, rapid communication through wireless radio, and the creation of the motion picture were all new technological developments.

The Arrival of the Car 1901, automobiles appeared on the cover of the Eaton's catalogue for the first time. Within the next few years, automobiles become more affordable, and more and more of the were now being seen on Canadian streets. The profits to be made in the automobile industry were huge. Companies like Massey-Harris, and the Canadian Cycle and Motor Company went into production. Most of the vehicles made were hybrids that included American engines and working parts mounted on a Canadian body.

The Arrival of the Car Not everyone was happy about the coming of the car. 1908, P.E.I. banned the automobile on a claim that they tore up roads and frightened children and livestock. In BC the response was positive. Soon most Canadian’s realized that the car was a useful and reliable thing. Soon the successful and well-to-do people of Canada adopted the car as the preferred means of transportation. 1908, Canada opened its first gas station in Vancouver as a result of the popular growth of the use of automobiles. Most vehicles in BC were restricted to the south because of the lack of good road north of the lower mainland.

The Arrival of the Car

Soaring Through the Air
The use of airplanes in Canada took much longer to catch on than the use of the automobile. Crashes were frequent, and most pilots did their own repairs and maintenance. The first successful flight in Canada was in 1909 in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. J.A.D. McCurdy was the pilot, and he flew a plane called the Silver Dart 10 meters above the ground for almost a kilometre at 30 km/hr.

Soaring Through the Air

A Communications Revolution
At the turn of the century, Canada was the world leader in telephone use. 1901 census counted over 300,000 phone lines. This was nearly twice as many per person as the US. Wake-up calls were offered to encourage new customers to subscribe. Other company’s like the Victoria and Esquimalt Telephone Company, had children run errands for subscribers at a rate of 15 cents a half hour. The working conditions for operators were undesirable with the headphone sets weighing 3 kilograms, and the hours and pay being dismal. Pg. 285.

1901, Canada received the first wireless telegraph from England on Signal Hill in Newfoundland. It was the first message to cross the Atlantic without the use of wires. It was in Morse Code. 1902, the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company was set up in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. They a established permanent radio communication across the Atlantic. 1908, they announced they would transmit messages from the public at a rate of 15 cents a word. 1907, Canadian inventor Frederick Fessenden transmitted the worlds first radio broadcast of music and voice. The radio was slow to catch on.

Superior reception over water increased the use of wireless radio in shipping. 1913, the use of radios was increasing with the publicity surrounding the role they played in the sinking of the Titanic. The Titanic wired a message alerting rescue ship, and it allowed for 700 lives to be saved in the sinking. It was around this same time that new moving picture shows were coming out. The first public screening in Canada was in 1896. The viewers paid 10 cents to crowd into a hall in Ottawa to see several one-minute films showing people doing everyday things.

Arts and Leisure During the Laurier Era, Canadian sports began to take off, and many who participated become world champions. George Dixon was the first black man to win a world boxing championship, Tommy Burns was the only Canadian to capture the heavyweight title in 1906 and defend in 10 times, Tom Longboat of the Six Nations was one of greatest long distance runners of the time. 1908, Canada sent its first team to the Olympics.

Arts and Leisure As a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization, spectator sports and outdoor recreation began to grow. 1909, first Grey Cup. 1912, first Calgary Stampede. People watched Babe Ruth hit his first home run at Hanlan’s Point, Toronto. The emergence of the automobile also helped with the development of other outdoor activities like hiking and camping.

Arts and Leisure

Arts and Leisure Canadian poetry and writing become a favourite past time. Pauline Johnson was a Canadian poet who celebrated her success in poetry reading across Canada, the united States, and Europe. Lucy Maude Montgomery wrote Anne of Green Gables, and Stephan Leacock authored Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, a humorous look at small town Ontario. Robert Service brought to life the adventures of the Yukon Gold Rush through his poems. Emily Carr become well know for her paintings of aboriginal life and wild life settings in the Queen Charlotte Islands.

Arts and Leisure

Arts and Leisure With the invention of the refrigerated rail car, a wider variety of foods were now available across the country. Taste in food began to change. 1910, processed foods like Heinz ketchup were common, and 5-cent chocolate bars went on sale. Soft drinks began to sweep across the nation much like they did in the US.

Arts and Leisure Coca Cola was now being marketed as a soft drink and not a medicine. John McLaughlin, a Toronto pharmacist, developed Canada Dry Ginger Ale. It seemed as though Canada was truly coming of age!

The Emergence of Modern Canada

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