1. Unified Modeling Language(UML) BY
Touseef Tahir
Lecturer CS
COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore

2. Overview Introduction History Goals Diagrams and Examples
Latest Changes
Disadvantages
Conclusion

3. What is UML?
Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing software artifacts.
Not necessarily restricted to software systems – used in business modeling.
Has proven successful in modeling of large and complex systems.
Uses graphical notations to describe the architecture of software.

4. Goals
Provide users a expressive, visual language to enable sharing of meaningful models.
Enables developers to compare models before implementation phase.
Independent of programming language and development process.
Encourage growth of Object Oriented Tools market.

5. History First modeling languages – 1970’s.
More than 50 modeling languages present during Lead to “method wars”.
Methods began to incorporate each other’s techniques.
In 1994, Grady Booch and Jim Rumbaugh (Rational Software Corporation) unified Booch and Object Modeling Technique methods to create UML.
Ivar Jacobson incorporated the OOSE method in 1995, leading to UML version 0.9 in late 1996.

6. UML Versions
UML 1.0 was created through a collaboration of various organizations: Microsoft, IBM, HP, etc.
Today, UML is on Version 2.0.
It is managed by the Object Management Group – not for profit consortium. UML specification is available for download at
Tools that conform the latest 2.0 specification – Rational Software Architect, Sparx System Architect, Star UML, etc.

7. Types of UML diagrams

8. Class Diagram

9. Class diagram Abstraction Inheritance Polymorphism Encapsulation
Message Sending
Associations
Multiplicity
Aggregation

10. Class diagram

11. Inheritance
Generalization in UML

12. Inheritance (Cont..)

13. Aggregation Two types of Association Part-whole association
Composition

14. Aggregation
Part-whole association
Multiplicity

15. Aggregation
Multiplicity

16. Aggregation Composition
A strong type of aggregation. Each component in composite can belong to just one whole.
The Diamond shape used for composition is same but its just filled.

17. Package
UML Packages are a grouping of objects into sets of objects that provide related services. The package has responsibilities that are strongly related.
Coupling & cohesion

18. Stereotype and comments

19. Generalization

20. State Diagrams

21. State Diagrams State diagram Components of state diagram
Behavior of systems
Finite number of states
Components of state diagram

22. State diagram An object’s state and behaviour can be affected by:
Changes to attribute values
Results of operations
Changes of links with other objects
Internal events
External events

23. Three models Object model: dynamic model; functional model;
Static structure of objects in a system and their relationships.
Contains class diagrams.
dynamic model;
describes aspects that change over time: state transition diagrams
functional model;
Use Case diagrams

24. State and Events
A state is an abstraction of the attribute. Sets of values are grouped together into a state according to properties that affect the gross behaviour of the object.
A change of state is called a transition

25. Event classes Event occurrences are grouped into event classes
Flight 123 departs from Chicago / Flight 456 departs from Rome
Event class is Flight Departs
Attributes of event classes
Departure origin of flight
Flight number
destination
Data values are Attributes

26. Event Classes and Attributes
Aeroplane flight departs (airline, flight no, city)
Mouse button pushed (button, location)
Input string entered (text)
phone receiver lifted( True, False)
digit dialled (digit)
engine speed enters danger zone

27. Events Something that happens at a point in time
Mouse button clicked / Signal changes
Logically ordered events - causally related
Concurrent events - causally unrelated
do not effect each other
there is no order between them
1-way transmission of information from one object to another

28. Characterisations of a state
State: Alarm ringing
Description: alarm on watch is ringing to indicate target time
Event sequence that produces the state:
set alarm (target time)
any sequence not including clear alarm
current time = target time

29. How to make state diagram
Identify states and identify which variables identify states
Identify events
Create state chart
Create state table with all finite stated and event

30. Example

31. ExampLe

32. State Transition Diagram