2. May 4, 2009 First 5: What is the situation in Sudan? What is the conflict over? Objectives: To develop an understanding of the situation in Uganda Agenda: Lecture Reading of Article Map of Africa

3. In recent years Uganda has been transformed from one of Africa's poorest countries shattered by decades of conflict, into a model for development in Africa. Our thanks to: www.globaleye.org.uk/secondary_autumn2002/eyeon Uganda : History

4. 1700s Uganda was home to the Bunyoro, Buganda, Busoga and Ankole peoples. Each group had their own traditions and spiritual beliefs

5. Archeology tells us that prehistoric man walked the earth in what is now Uganda. One of the more recent excavations is at Kiboro near Lake Albert, where there are traces of village life going back a thousand years. Recorded history is much shorter - only 150 years. However, oral traditions are also important. The 19th century was a period of great change and great strife in Uganda.

6. 1800s The Baganda people grew in power, ruled by a king, or kabaka. Buganda became one of the richest and most sophisticated kingdoms in Africa.

7. Kabaka Chwa being carried to on a journey Young Kabaka Chwa (middle) amongst the British rulers of Uganda

8. 1888 English Protestants and French Catholics arrived in East Africa to spread their beliefs. Soon there was conflict between protestants, catholics and muslims who adopted Islam from Arab traders. Civil war weakened the Buganda kingdom

9. When Missionaries Meant Guns: the History of Christianity in Uganda The first missionary arrived in 1875 and by 1900 Christianity was the established religion. The king then asked his chiefs which book they wanted to follow... Mindful of the recent killings, they prudently chose the Bible Christianity was very new to Uganda in 1885 when the first of 22 young Catholic converts gave his life as a martyr for his faith

10. 1894 Britain and Germany competed for power over this part of East Africa. Both countries wanted to control the head-waters of the Nile found here. Borders were drawn up, and the area called Uganda became a country under British control. Unlike other colonies, the British ruled Uganda indirectly through the Baganda people. The Baganda were given special privileges so long as they collaborated with the British.colonies The British also brought in many craftsmen from Asia to increase industry and trade.

11. The British Empire Deutsche – OstAfrika German East Africa

12. 1962 Uganda gained independence from the British.independence But the Baganda were reluctant to give up the special status they had enjoyed under British rule. The kingdom of Buganda continued to exist within Uganda, and the Buganda king became the first president of Uganda.

13. Provisional First Flag Coat of Arms Official Flag They set up governments over the Ugandans called a protectorate. They also established rules and made the Ugandan people follow them. Uganda was under the British rule until its independence in 1962.

14. 1966 Leader of the ruling party, the Uganda People's Congress, Milton Obote wrote a new constitution for the country. constitution Under the new constitution, the Buganda kingdom was carved up and the king was forced to flee to the UK.constitution After three years as President, Obote banned all political parties and ruled Uganda as a dictator.

15. Apollo Milton Obote (born December 28, 1924) was President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 and again from 1980 to 1985.

16. 1971 While Obote was out of the country, the army seized control of Uganda, under the leadership of a colonel called Idi Amin. Amin began a new regime of terror, and declared himself President for life. He spied on his enemies, and tortured or murdered thousands. Amin also ordered the 90,000 Ugandan Asians to leave the country.

17. While President of Uganda from 1971 to1979 Idi Amin committed appalling acts of violence against the people of his country In 1972, he expelled Uganda's Indian and Pakistani populations, people who owned most of Uganda's businesses. This hastened the country's economic decline.

18. 1986 Civil war had left a million dead, 600,000 injured and the economy virtually bankrupt. People had had enough, and support for a new party called the National Resistance Movement grew. The National Resistance Movement seized power.

19. 2002 Museveni remains President of Uganda after he was re- elected for the third time in 2001.

20. 2004 Ongoing troubles in north of country Children from villages being kidnapped and forced to join rebel armies 2004

21. WANTED The Leaders of the Lord’s Resistance Army (c) 2008 ENOUGH/Center for American Progress, All Rights Reserved enoughproject.org The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity

22. The Lord ’ s Resistance Army, or LRA Conflict between LRA and Ugandan government is the longest-running civil war in Africa The LRA: a rebel force of less than 1,500, headed by Joseph Kony Small but ruthless: Abducts children Sexually enslaves girls Terrorizes communities Areas of northern Uganda affected by conflict at height of conflict in 2005 (UNICEF)

23. Joseph Kony: “ Absolute Leader ” Kony emerged as the head of the Lord’s Resistance Army, or LRA, in 1987Lord’s Resistance Army Kony is the absolute leader of the LRA and determines who lives and dies within the organization As the head of the LRA, he has a long and bloody record…

24. The LRA combines cult fanaticism with ruthless military efficiency Over the last 10 to 15 years, the LRA has abducted as many as 38,000 children (and 37,000 adults) and used them as soldiers, porters, and sex slaves Once abducted, children are indoctrinated and subjected to hard physical labour, long marches, disorientation, and frequent beatings Abduction by the LRA Samuel Opong, 15, a former child abductee of the LRA, Gulu, Uganda, 19 March 2004 (© IRIN)

25. Enslaving Girls Kony has had as many as 50 enslaved girls in his household at one time He controls all aspects of how girls are abducted and distributed to LRA commanders These girls are most frequently given as “wives” to men—often three times their age— as rewards for good military performance and to boost morale Jackline Apio was abducted by the LRA in 2002 (© Charles Akena/IRIN)

26. Khartoum ’ s Proxy For many years, LRA leader Kony received support – including weaponry, training grounds, and a variety of military supplies – from the Sudanese government in Khartoum Omar al-BashirOmar al-Bashir, the President of Sudan, is wanted by the International Criminal Court for war crimes and crimes against humanity related to the conflict in Darfur Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir (Flickr)

27. Terror Tactics In mid-2002 Joseph Kony ordered LRA forces to begin a campaign of attacks against civilians in northern Uganda LRA soldiers are notorious for maiming alleged collaborators with the Ugandan government by cutting off their hands, lips, noses, and ears During the LRA campaign in northern Uganda, these tactics were employed most frequently against the Acholi, Kony’s own people

28. Northern Uganda Displaced As the conflict worsened in the mid-1990s, the Ugandan government forcibly moved whole northern Ugandan communities into camps for internally displaced persons In 2003, Kony issued orders to kill, loot, and abduct civilians, specifically targeting the camps At the height of the conflict (from 2002-2005), nearly two million people lived in these squalid camps Lagoro IDP camp in Kitgum District, northern Uganda, May 2007 (© Manoocher Deghati/IRIN)

29. Massacre at Barlonyo Camp The LRA attacked the Barlonyo internally displaced camp in Lira District on February 21, 2004 At least 300 people – and possibly many more – were shot, burned, and hacked to death Residents of Lira town during a demonstration to show solidarity and mourning of over 200 civilians killed on February 21 at Barlonyo camp(© Ali Mao/IRIN)

30. Conditions in the Camps In 2005, an estimated 1,000 people were dying each week in the camps because of rampant malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and diarrheaan estimated 1,000 people were dying each week in the camps Half of those displaced remain in camps today due to fear of renewed attacks and a lack of basic services and infrastructure in their original home areas Women carrying cartons of oil at Oromi IDP camp, Kitgum District, northern Uganda, 18 May 2007 (© Manoocher Deghati/IRIN)

31. The International Criminal Court, or ICC, and the LRA December 2003: Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni refers the LRA to the Prosecutor of the ICC July 2005: Sealed arrest warrants for 5 LRA leaders issued by ICC Judges The International Criminal Court Building in The Hague

32. INDICTED: Joseph Kony, Chairman and Commander in Chief of the LRA Date of birth: April 1963 Place of Birth: Odek, Gulu District, Uganda Charges: 12 counts of crimes against humanity and 21 counts of war crimes Charges: 12 counts of crimes against humanity and 21 counts of war crimes Specific crimes include: Rape Murder Enslavement Sexual enslavement Forced enlisting of children Joseph Kony, Leader of the LRA

33. INDICTED: Okot Odhiambo, Deputy Army Commander Date of birth: unknown Place of birth: Palugala Village, Gulu District, Uganda Charges: 3 counts of crimes against humanity and 7 counts of war crimes Charges: 3 counts of crimes against humanity and 7 counts of war crimes Former LRA members have described him as: “Ruthless killer” “The one who killed the most” “A ‘bitter’ man who will kill anyone” Okot Odhiambo

34. INDICTED: Dominic Ongwen, Director of Operations Date of birth: unknown, believed to be in his early 30s Place of birth: Lamogi sub- county, Gulu District, Uganda Charges: 3 counts of crimes against humanity and 4 counts of war crimes Charges: 3 counts of crimes against humanity and 4 counts of war crimes The youngest person ever indicted by the ICC Abducted at the age of 10, Ongwen was an illiterate orphan who worked on a farm before being abducted

35. The Deceased Indictees Vincent Otti: Alleged Vice- Chairman and Second-in- Command of the LRA  Deceased November 3, 2007 (estimate) Deceased November 3, 2007  Rumored to have been executed under orders from Joseph Kony  At present, name remains on ICC warrant Raska Lukwiya: Alleged Deputy Commander Deceased August 6, 2006 Proceedings terminated by Court Vincent Otti (© Euan Denholm/IRIN)

36. From Uganda to Congo The LRA fled Uganda for northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2005 From their base in Garamba Park, the LRA marauded and pillaged throughout southern Sudan, eastern Congo, and the Central African Republic.

37. Failed Peace Talks The most recent effort at peace talks began in 2006. Many Ugandans, activists, and diplomats were hopeful that a deal might be struck Talks fell apart early in 2008, with Kony refusing to sign a proposed deal that his chief negotiators supported The Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) delegation before starting talks with the government of Uganda, Juba, southern Sudan (© Manoocher Deghati/IRIN)

38. A Regional Killing Machine From September 2008 through January 2009, at least 1,033 people have been killed and 476 children abducted in eastern Congoat least 1,033 people have been killed and 476 children abducted Given recent attacks in Congo and all of the recent killings by the LRA in southern Sudan, these figures are likely to be much higher Refugees from the DR Congo fleeing LRA rebel attacks wait to register with UNHCR officials in the village of Gangura in southern Sudan (© Peter Martell/IRIN)

39. The LRA: Still At Large The joint offensive by Uganda, Congo, and south Sudan against the LRA has captured only a small number of fighters The LRA is on the run, and preying upon civilians as it moves across central Africa Removing these key leaders from the battlefield is the answer to ending the war with the LRA for good TAKE ACTION: contribute to efforts to end the LRA’s campaign of violence and bring a lasting peace to the region by visiting the Enough Project websiteEnough Project website LEARN MORE: Read Enough’s latest policy recommendations on our websitelatest policy recommendations

40. Uganda. The Government is trying to disarm the Karimojong but they claim they need guns to defend their cattle against raiding from Kenya and by the LRA (Lords Resistance Army) rebels.

41. 1. Who are Child Soldiers? “Any person under 18 years of age, who is part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to, cooks, porters, messengers, and those accompanying such groups, other than purely as family members ” - UN Children's Fund- backed international symposium in 1997 500,000 < children have been recruited into armed forces in over 85 countries 300,000 < of these children are actively fighting as soldiers with government armed forces or armed political groups Most child soldiers are used by non-governmental armed political groups

42. 2. Why are Children used as soldiers? Because… Improvement in lightweight & small weapons Their small bodies for spying Easy to brainwash More likely to give in to violence & threats "[Children] make good fighters because they’re young and want to show off. They think it’s all a game, so they’re fearless.“ – A rebel commander in the Dem. Rep. of Congo

43. 3. What makes children join armed forces? Lack of education and stability Internal displacement or refugee flight Separation of families Poverty or… Children have been physically abducted by armed forces for war

44. 4. International Humanitarian Law for Protecting Children from Mobilization 1949 25 items on Geneva Convention → Too much loophole in the law 1977 Additional Protocols to the four Geneva Conventions “States Parties shall refrain from recruiting any person who has not attained the age of 15 years into their armed forces. In recruiting among those persons who have attained the age of 15 years but who have not attained the age of 18 years, States Parties shall endeavor to give priority to those who are oldest.” - Article 77(2.3) of Additional Protocol I 1989 The Convention on the Rights of the Child 2000 The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

45. Child Soldiers in Uganda

46. 5. Why are there child soldiers in Uganda? Internal armed conflict b/w Ugandan Peoples' Defense Force (UPDF) & different rebel groups in the country eg. Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in northern Uganda Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) south-western Uganda About 30,000 children were abducted by LRA Since 1986 (12,000 < since 2002)

47. 6. Historical Background Bef. Independence: Constant friction between southern & northern Ugandan people Northern Ugandans were soldiers & policemen ⇔ UPDF consisted by Southern Ugandan 1986: Museveni became president → Alice Lakwena from Acholis established Holy Spirit Movement (HSM) bases in northern Uganda and southern Sudan Tried a coup d’état → Failed; escaped to Kenia Lord's Resistance Army( ＬＲＡ ) headed by Joseph Kony → Started losing its direction & attacking Northern Ugandan villages to abduct kids & to loot 2002~ “Operation Iron Fist” by President Museveni 2004 (Dec.): Peace Agreement b/w LRA & Ugandan govt. 2005 (Jan. 1) : Rupture of the Peace Agreement Museveni orders attacks on LRA; Rebels ambush UPDF vehicles

48. 7. Child Soldiers in LRA Abducted when they are sleeping at home or walking with other children Children make up 90 % of LRA Their jobs: Fighting on the frontlines (Both girls & boys ), porters, cooks, sex slaves Use of drugs to eliminate fear against enemies & killing people Children are demanded to kill their relatives or neighbors in order to prevent their escapes Children who tried to escape & failed were killed in brutal ways

49. 8. Preventing Abduction 50,000 ‘night commuters’ sleep at public facilities of big towns eg. 11,000 in Gulu The center run by the Noah's Ark Children's Ministry Children sleep in huge tents provided by UNICEF Boys & girls are separated Children are divided according to age groups Entire camp surrounded by a high metal fence Offer Bible classes, health education, drama and singing → Some of these children spend less than an hour a day with their parents

50. 9. Institutions to Protect Former Child Soldiers Children who escaped could be protected by civilians, priests, members of NGOs etc. CPU (Child Protection Unit) GOSCO (Gulu Support for Children Organization) Counseling Over 8000 former child soldiers in the World Vision centre in Gulu The number of former child soldiers are growing with the increased number of abducted children eg. World Vision has reunited 10,500 children with their families

51. 10. Problem the former child soldiers have to return to society Trauma Drug addicted Not educated & only knows how to fight →Work with the national army→discriminated No family & no one to feed or support Alienated from communities

52. 11-1. Projects for Rehabilitation World Vision The airlift to return the children to their home communities in northern Uganda Job training eg. 6 months of tailoring classes & provide sewing machines Regular visits of counselors to the communities to monitor Provide school fees for poor families

53. 11-2. Projects for Rehabilitation UNICEF Provide air and road transport for formerly abducted children Support a network of community volunteer counselors with training in psychosocial counseling and referral

54. 12. Analysis For prevention… The risk to be abducted on the way to cities Cannot spend with their families a lot ↓ Guard children on the way to cities/ home Use of pickup buses for children Cannot estimate how many children were abducted It takes time to identify who are missing ↓ More accurate family register is needed For rehabilitation… After the training former child soldiers in the courses Continuous investigation on their living & economic condition