1. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 From toxic emissions to health effects – case study in Krakow 2004-2006 Overview – Overall results Jose M. Jimenez – (Project Leader)

2. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 From toxic emissions to health effects: An integrated emissions, air quality and health impacts case study in Krakow, PO Socio-Economic D rivers Environmental P ressures Environmental S tate Changes I mpacts Policy R esponse Changes in energy production, Transport, industry… Emissions from mobile and stationary sources Change in the level of contaminants in the air Impact on human health Abatement policies EU, National and local levels DPSIR WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 GIS J. Niedzialek

3. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Project Objectives-Deliverables Scientific information to the Polish Environmental Authorities for the definition of emission abatement strategies in Malopolska region:  Levels and characteristics of PM in Krakow and Zakopane (Chemical composition, size distribution, Indoor/outdoor…)  Origin of PM: Source apportionment  Modeling tools. Assessment of scenarios, Cost-Benefit,…  Health Implications Scientific contribution to the understanding of the problem of Particulate Matter (PM) for the development of an EU wide approach in support to the implementation of CAFÉ programme.

4. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 PM 2.5 anthropogenic contribution (CAFE Baseline Scenario). Grid-average concentrations, annual mean [µg/m3] from known anthropogenic sources excluding sec. org. aerosols. 2000 2010 2020 PM in EUROPE

5. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 PM 10 levels Daily averages- 2005 CAMPAIGN 15-22Jan + 29Jan-5 th Feb.

6. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Indoor / Outdoor PM 10 Outdoor Air Quality determines Indoor Air Quality Low PM 10 outdoor => Indoor PM Sources are Relevant

7. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 indoor/outdoor % of particles Apt. 1 Indoor Apt. 1 Outdoor Indoor and Outdoor particle populations are almost Identical 800.000 single particle mass Spectra acquired

8. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 indoor/outdoor AP1iAP1o COAL AP2iAP2o NO COAL Organic Nitrogen Particles- (C H N) % of particles This type of particles are more present inside than outside (both in Stoves and district heating apartments)  Indoor source. (Cooking,…)

9. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 NOWA HUTA Particle size distribution: Particles 90% of PM10 (during the campaign) Ratio observed in Milan 2003 was 80 % PM Size distribution 15-JAN-2005 22-JAN-2005

10. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Source Apportionment of PM

11. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Average concentration in PM during the two episodes Limit value 1 ng/m 3 (For the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year) PM Chemical Composition PAH’s

12. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 0 100 200 300 400 500 Domestic coal heating district Urban background Traffic siteIndustrial areaSub-urban mountain site POLIAGRITRAFICINDUZACO Pb total content in the PM10 fraction Assessment Threshold for the averaged over a calendar year. Directive 1999/30/EC. 0 2 4 6 8 10 Domestic coal heating district Urban backgroundTraffic siteIndustrial areaSub-urban mountain site POLIAGRITRAFICINDUZACO As Assessment Threshold for the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year. Directive 2004/107/EC. 0 5 10 15 20 Domestic coal heating district Urban backgroundTraffic siteIndustrial areaSub-urban mountain site POLIAGRITRAFICINDUZACO Ni Assessment Threshold for the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year. Directive 2004/107/EC. 0 5 10 Domestic coal heating district Urban backgroundTraffic siteIndustrial areaSub-urban mountain site POLIAGRITRAFICINDUZACO Cd Assessment Threshold for the total content in the PM10 fraction averaged over a calendar year. Directive 2004/107/EC. ng/m 3 Average concentration in PM during the two episodes PM Chemical Composition (Metals)

13. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Dioxins Soil and conifers sampling

14. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Impact on Health 7 days intensive measurement campaign including 20 apartments. (10 coal heated, 10 district heating) 308 apartments – 657 persons. Epidemiological questionnaire (interview) + health examination (Lung function test) Findings: Inhabitants of Coal Heated apts. Respiratory symptoms: Chronic cough, chronic obstructive pulmonary, lung functioning The Krakow project confirmed and strengthened the evidence for impact of PM on health. (APHEIS,…)

15. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Overall Conclusions High levels of PM: Daily Exceedences, yearly average…. High level of Toxic organic compounds in the air e.g. Benzo (a) Pyrene. Values of toxic metals: Pb,As,Cd,Ni below the limit Low size of the PM. (PM1 >90%) Evidence of negative impact on health in population exposed to higher levels of PM Emission abatement strategies should take into account Coal (heating) as the main source of PM Cost benefit analysis of scenarios positive but requires significative investment / regulatory intervention

16. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Malopolska Governor Office Chief Inspectorate for Environmental Protection Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow Krakow Municipal Office Jagiellonian University Polish- Italian Foundation S. Raphael Central Mining Institute National Environmental Research Institute (NERI, Denmark) US-EPA University of Helsinki University of Sofia NILU & NILU Polska Warsaw Polytechnic AGH University of Science and Technology Technical University of Lodz Institute of Meteorology and water Management (Krakow Branch) Project Partners (1)

17. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 European Commission - Joint Research Centre:  Institute for Environment and Sustainability Transport and Air Quality Unit ( Project Leadership ) Climate Change Unit Rural-Water & Ecosystem Unit  Institute for Prospective and Technological Studies Sustainability in Industry, Energy and Transport Unit  Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements Isotope Measurements Unit Project partners (2)

18. Krakow Conference 15-16 May 2006 Thanks to all the participants in the project for the very constructive spirit shown during these two years Thanks to the audience for their participation in the scientific discussions during these 2 days Special acknowledgement to the staff of the “Voivodship Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Krakow” for their continuous and enthusiastic contribution