1. THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE The Julio-Claudians through the 5 Good Emperors

2. The Julio-Claudians (27 B.C. – 68 A.D.)  Augustus (27 B.C. - 14 A.D.)  Tiberius (14 - 37)  Gaius Caligula (37 - 41)  Claudius (41 - 54)  Nero (54 - 68)

3. Julio-Claudian Family Tree

4. Augustus (27 B.C. – 14 A.D.)

5.  1 st Emperor of Rome  Begin the “Pax Romana”  Ruled longer than any other emperor  Adopted by Julius Caesar  Held multiple titles including “Princeps,” “Imperator,” and “Pater Patriae”  Father of Julia  Built numerous buildings including the Pantheon, Mausoleum of Augusts, Temple of Mars Ultor, Ara Pacis, Theater of Marcellus, and the Temple of Apollo on the Palatine

6. Tiberius (14 – 37)

7.  Son of Livia and step-son of Augustus  Was married to Julia, but later divorced  Not Augustus’ 1 st choice as his heir  Considered to be frugal with state money  Advised by the notorious head of praetorian guard, Sejanus  Spent last half of reign in voluntary exile on the island of Capri

8. Caligula (37 – 41)

9.  Son of Germanicus  Name means “little boots”  Started as a “good emperor”  Provided lavish entertainments for the people  Suffered a breakdown or fever during reign  Became a “monster” according to Suetonius  Allegedly committed incest with his sisters  Squandered all the money that Tiberius had saved  Assassinated by his own praetorian guard

10. Claudius (41 – 57)

11.  Caligula’s uncle and one of his few surviving relatives  Had a limp and a stutter  Had been made Pontifex Maximus by Caligula  Made Emperor by the Praetorian Guard  Was an excellent administrator (and historian)  Conquered Britain and made it a province  Built the Aqua Claudia, which still runs today and feeds the Trevi Fountain

12. Claudius (41 – 57)  Married Agrippina, Caligula’s younger sister  Adopted Nero, son of Agrippina, at her insistence  Was eventually poisoned by Agrippina

13. Nero (54 – 68)

14.  Married his cousin, Octavia (daughter of Claudius)  Tutored by Seneca, a famous philosopher  Beginning of reign started well  Divorced and later executed Octavia so he could marry Poppaea  Nero then kicked Poppaea to death while she was pregnant  Then married Messalina  Had a boyfriend named Sporus, who resembled Poppaea

15. Nero (54 – 68)  The great fire of 64 allowed him to buy a great expanse of land to build his Domus Aurea  Went on a tour of Greece so he could participate in the Olympic Games. He won gold medals in every event that he participated in  There were several conspiracies against his life  The army, led by Galba, revolted against Nero  Tried to commit suicide by a slave had to finish him off  “What an artist the world is losing!” were his final words

16. The Year of the 4 Emperors  Galba (68 - 69)  Otho (69)  Vitellius (69)  Vespasian (69 - 79)

17. Galba (68 - 69)

18. Otho

19. Vitellius

20. The Flavians (69 – 96)  Vespasian (69 - 79)  Titus (79 - 81)  Domitian (81 - 96)

21. Vespasian (69 - 79)

22.  A career soldier and distinguished general  Under Nero, served as governor of Judea and began to suppress the Jewish revolt  After he was made emperor, his son Titus finished suppressing the revolt and brought back thousands of slaves to Rome  The final battle came at the fort of Masada  Imposed numerous taxes to replenish the state treasury, including a tax on public urinals  Began construction of the Colosseum in 73

23. Titus (79 - 81)

24.  Son of Vespasian  According to Suetonius, he was the “delight and darling of the human race”  Was given the title “Caesar” by his father  Conquered Jerusalem in 70  Shared 7 consulships with Vespasian  Sent assistance to Pompeii and Herculaneum after the eruption of Vesuvius in 79  Dedicated the Colosseum in 80  Died from malaria contracted at his summer villa

25. Domitian (81 - 96)

26.  Had himself proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard even before Titus was pronounced dead  Was a stern autocrat who ignored the Senate  Attempted to restore public morality  Preferred the title “Dominus et Deus”  The Stadium of Domitian in the Campus Martius later became the Piazza Navona  Completed the subterranean passage ways in the Colosseum and rededicated it

27. Domitian (81 - 96)  In 93 a reign of terror began with many senators and leading citizens being executed or exiled  In 96 a plot, led by the empress Domitia and her steward, Stephanus, assassinated Domitian.  The Senate decreed a “Damnatio Memoriae” and Domitian’s name was erased from public monuments and documents

28. The Five Good Emperors  Nerva (96 - 98)  Trajan (98 - 117)  Hadrian (117 - 138)  Antoninus Pius (138 - 161)  Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180)

29. Nerva (96 - 98)

30.  Co-consul with Vespasian in 71  Hailed Emperor on the same day Nero was killed  Popular with the senate  Rescinded many of Domitian’s taxes

31. Trajan (97 - 117)

32.  Born in Spain, making him the first emperor of non- Italian origin  His father commanded the 10 th legion (Caesar’s favorite) during the Jewish revolt  Adopted by Nerva  Was popular with both the people and the Senate  Conquered Dacia (Rumania) and pushed the borders of the empire as far as they would ever be

33. Hadrian (117 - 138)

34.  Hadrian’s father was a cousin of Trajan  When he was young, Hadrian received a scar on his cheek from a hunting accident; thereafter he always wore a beard  Was more interested in culture and the arts than war; as a result he avoided war and expansion  Adopted by Trajan on his deathbed  Spent a great part of his reign visiting the outposts of the empire  Built a wall in Northern Britain (Hadrian’s Wall)

35. Hadrian (117 - 138)  Rebuilt the Pantheon which had been destroyed by a flood; however he left the original inscription  Built an elaborate villa (Hadrian’s Villa) in Tivoli where he placed many of the statues that he had brought back from his travels around the empire  Built his own mausoleum (Hadrian’s Mausoleum), which is now called Castel Sant’ Angelo, a museum and fortress for the Pope  When he died, he was unpopular with the Senate who refused to deify him

36. Antoninus Pius (138 - 161)

37.  Adopted by Hadrian  Earned the cognomen “Pius” by fighting the Senate to have Hadrian deified  Well liked by the people and Senate  Was handsome, kind, and rich  Ruled mostly by diplomacy rather than military

38. Marcus Aurelius (161 - 180)

39.  Born to a wealth family in Spain  Adopted by Antoninus  Was co-emperor with Lucius Verus until 169  His reign was marked by constant war on both the eastern front (Parthia) and the northern front (Germany)  Known as the Philosopher Emperor  Stoic philosopher who wrote the Meditations