1. IQuOD An International Quality Control Effort Tim Boyer EDM workshop September 10, 2014

2. 2 Anuual mean global energy flow calculated from Mar. 2000 to May 2004. From Trenberth, Fasullo, and Kiehl (2009)

3. 3 Changes in Earth’s Heat Balance Components (10 22 J) During 1955-2003 (from Levitus, Antonov and Boyer, 2005, GRL) 83% or 0.75 W/m 2

4. How is Ocean Content Changing? How do we reliably estimate the change?

5. World Ocean Database by Instrument Type 5

6. 2009 Ocean Heat Content 0-700m Levitus (2012) method Using ENACT-3 Quality Control Using WOD Quality Control Red=heat gain (relative to long-term mean) Blue=heat loss (relative to long-term mean)

7. 7 Argo/GODAEGTSPP Delayed Mode Data NODC Permanent Archive [non-uniform Format] Near Real-Time Availability World Ocean Database Additional QC Uniform format Buoys PMEL/JAM Data quality information Not Always Publicly Accessible NODC Information Stream

8. Data added to World Ocean Database since WOD13 Grey – Argo (184,348 cycles) Green – XBT (25,979 casts) Red – bottle/CTD (106,327casts) Blue - Pinniped (14,421 dives) Turquoise – Glider (42,142 half cycles) Orange – tropical buoys (41,832 daily means)

9. 9 Examples of Delayed-mode data Updates to WOD World Ocean Database Quarterly Updates NOAA Northeast Fisheries CCHDO SECARGO ICES CalCOFI Japan Ocean Data Center CSIRO Oil Industry INIDEP (Argentina) IMOS gliders Blue – Quarterly Orange- Yearly Green - Irregular

10. 10 Example of already aggregated data passed to WOD CLIVAR and Carbon Hydrographic Data Office (CCHDO) GO-SHIP WOCE BATS HOT CDIAC CARINA PACIFICA OceanSITES Other CLIVAR

11. 11 NODC Quality Control : Automatic Checks - reveal systematic errors in incoming data and metadata - eliminate most non-representative data from consideration Eliminates ~6% of temperature data from Consideration (>800,000 profiles) Checks include: Range check Spike check Density inversion Speed check Standard deviation Red – Unflagged Black – Flagged

12. Inversion and Large Gradient Checks For Temperature: Inversion ≤ -0.3°C/meter Gradient ≥ 0.7°C/meter MBT with large inversion °Celsius Depth (meters) Inversions present In 276,000 temperature Profiles (2% of profiles) Large positive gradients Present in 534,000 Temperature profiles (4% of profiles)

13. International Quality Controlled Oceanographic Profile Database (IQuOD) 1.Standardize Automatic Quality Control Internationally 2.Expert manual quality control all profiles which fail automatic checks 3.For temperature (1), salinity (2), oxygen, nutrients 4.Disseminate results to oceanographic/climate community

14. Manual quality control: profile by profile Regional/instrument expertise

15. 15 NODC Permanent Archive World Ocean Database IQuOD Automatic QC Uniform format IQuOD Manual QC Expert Center IQuOD Information Stream IQuOD Manual QC Original Data IQuOD QC Other QC project

16. 16 World Ocean Database Internal Storage INSIDE THE DATA Original Profile Data Altered Profile Data (if necessary) QC Flags (orig) QC Flags (WOD) QC Flags (IQuOD) QC Flags (2nd) Generated on the fly

17. Data Dissemination: Yearly by instrument Geographically by instrument WODselect All updated quarterly Format: Native WOD format (compact ASCII) with conversion routines netCDF -> feeds into NODC Geoportal/THREDDS server Working now on subset dissemination through Geoportal

18. 18 World Ocean Database Additional QC Uniform format NODC to Public Information Stream (Profile Data) NODC Permanent Archive Public Access Geoportal/THREDDS WODselect

19. 19 Ideal NODC to Public Information Stream (Profile Data) NODC Permanent Archive Public Access Geoportal/THREDDS WOD GTSPP Argo PMEL buoys

20. 20 Ideal NODC to Public Information Stream (in situ Data) NODC Permanent Archive Public Access Geoportal/THREDDS Coastal Buoy Profile Current Thermo salinograph

21. Consolidated Granule Level GeoPortal Best Copy World Ocean Database GTSPP Argo Individual Accessions Get DataInformation Get Data Information See allInformation

22. Summary Uniformity in quality control of temperature data will benefit the oceanographic/climate community IQuOD will establish internationally agreed set of automatic qc checks IQuOD will establish groups of experts for manual qc The World Ocean Database (WOD) will be the initial data source, aggregator and data disseminator for IQuOD The IODE two tiered flagging system will be used by WOD The NODC Geoportal will be the preferred means of dissemination for WOD/Aggregation with other data sources through the granule level tools.