1. Learning from Hybrid Rice story of China Ashok Gulati Director in Asia, International Food Policy Research Institute, New Delhi Office Presentation at the wksp on: Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India: Hotel Taj Bengal, Kolkata, July 9-10, 2010.

2. Paddy Production & Area Performance: China, India Source: For India: MoA, 2010 (Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009. For China: National Bureau of Statistics, 2010 (China Statistical Yearbook, 2009) Pdn=mt, Area=mha, Yield= t/ha 2008/092008 I-AreaI-PdnI-YieldC-AreaC-PC-Yield 45.4148.73.329.2191.96.6

3. Case of China’s Hybrid Rice (HR) Source: Li, Xin & Yuan, 2009 History of Hybrid Rice Technology Development in China 1964-74 Research on 3-line (A,B,R) hybrid rice initiated & developed 1976/77 Hybrid rice commercialization & systematic hybrid rice seed production initiated (in 1975 30,000 people converged on Hainan for HR seed pdn) 1983- mid nineties Scaling up of China’s Hybrid rice acreage & yields 1990 HR acreage > 15 million ha 1995 Two-line hybrid rice system developed & commercialized 1996 onwards “Super Rice Breeding” national program initiated in phases 2006 Super hybrid rice Phase III objective (target 13.5 ton/ha) initiated

4. Paddy Yields in China & India & Share of Hybrid rice in China’s rice area Yield Jumps due to HR? Source: FAOSTAT & Li, Xin & Yuan (2009) Impact of Hybrid Rice Varieties on Yields

5. How did China Succeed? Three Lessons …  Lesson 1. Political Will & Commitment…matched by commensurate resources (China’s political commitment triggered by the debacle in Great Leap Forward during 1958-61 when 30 m people died of starvation…China invested in research 1964-74)  Lesson 2: A Champion…a Visionary with a mission: Father of Hybrid Rice in China − Longping Yuan led research in 14 provinces in 1970s − Rice breeders: >1,000 parental lines & >300 large-scale commercialized hybrids by 1990s − Pioneering Super Hybrid Rice- Yields > 10 t/ha Source: Li, Xin & Yuan, 2009

6. Contd..  Lesson 3. Institutional Innovation & Dynamism − Dynamic & widespread multi-tiered research institutes, seed production & extension agencies (more than 3000 seed companies created) − Massive Demonstrations & training; Reward & recognition − Scaling up seed production & lowering seed costs, minimum quality testing for seeds from 1985 onwards Source: Li, Xin & Yuan, 2009

7. Commercial hybrid rice yield and hybrid rice seed yield in China (1976-2008) Source: Li, Xin & Yuan, 2009

8. India: Rice Area & Production Distribution (TE 2007/08) ~Eastern States account for: 56% area but produce 48% of All India Area in m ha (% to all India) Production in m tonnes (% to all India) Bihar3.4 (7.7%)4.3 (4.6%) Chhattisgarh3.7 (8.5%)5.2 (5.5%) Jharkhand1.5 (3.5%)2.6 (2.8%) Orissa4.5 (10.2%)7.1 (7.5%) Uttar Pradesh5.7 (13.1%)11.3 (12.1%) West Bengal5.7 (13.1%)14.7 (15.6%) Eastern States (Total)24.6 (56.2%)45.2 (48.1%) Punjab2.6 (6%)10.3 (11%) India43.893.9 Source: Agriculture Statistics at a Glance (various issues)

9. Market Size: Hybrid Rice Seeds sold in tonnes ~Increasing sales but the levels are low STATE2005200620072008 Punjab700900 Haryana1000130016002100 Uttar Pradesh2500360055007500 Chhattisgarh45075011001500 Madhya Pradesh250300350500 Orissa5075130230 Bihar45070012001500 Jharkhand800130014002000 Gujarat250350400500 Maharashtra100200225250 Andhra Pradesh2550100175 Karnataka10302535 West Bengal25200105 Assam121760 Total658895621314717355 Source: Singh et al. 2010. “Quality Seed For Food Security through PPP: Focus on Hybrid Rice”. A presentation made at the “National Seminar on- Quality Seed for Food Security through Public- Private Partnership”. 13-14 April 2010, IARI, New Delhi

10. Hybrid Rice in India (Area over the years) -A positive trend but still only ~ 3% of total rice area 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source: Singh et al. 2010. “Quality Seed For Food Security through PPP: Focus on Hybrid Rice”. A presentation made at the “National Seminar on- Quality Seed for Food Security through Public- Private Partnership”. 13-14 April 2010, IARI, New Delhi

11. Some Issues  Taste & quality (can be improved with research- China has done it)  Incentives for Hybrid Rice: Seed price subsidy (costs) and procurement of hybrid output for PDS  Bt Rice: Move from Fiber to Food − In China (2008) a new GM program at US$ 3.8 billion for 2009-2020; Bt Rice approved from Nov 2009 (Huang, 2010)  Bio-fortification of HR (Harvest plus, Golden Rice) & combining production & nutrition/health policy  Distribution of HR via PDS, ICDS & MDMS

12. Creating more space for the Private sector to bring GR in eastern region…  Seed production, multiplication & distribution  Extension activities How?  Identify high potential districts where pvt sector can focus – esp. in east  Treat public & private sectors alike- scope for partnerships  Conditional rewards system based on performance

13. What else should the Elephant learn from the Dragon to ensure Food Security of the masses? Understanding the Reforms Process

14. Some suggestions  Set up a working group with representatives from; − Public Sector research & policy director of NFSM, ICAR, DRR etc. − Private sector HR seed research companies − External experts  Visit China to interact with key players  IFPRI as facilitator

15. Thank You