1. The Greco-Roman and Jewish backgrounds of Christianity

2. Where does the story begin?
To understand conflicts that arose within Christianity in its earliest stages, we need to look back into Jewish history before the time of Christ.
Christianity began during a time of Hellenization.
During this period, Jerusalem became known as Judah. Judah, Samaria, and Galilee were called Palestine.
After Alexander the Great conquered the Jews, Greek culture became the dominant culture
Some Jews took Greek names and adapted Judaism to Greek culture. They became known as “Hellenistic Jews” or Hellenists.
Greek culture is known as Hellenism
Hellenism means to speak Greek

3. Roman Empire Strong army (at this time)
The Roman Empire conquered the Greeks
Strong army (at this time)
People entered the empire by being conquered
They lost their independence but were protected by the empire and often gained greater political stability
The Jews continue to be the chosen people but are no longer the rulers in in their own homeland
The heart of the empire was the city of Rome

4. Greco-Roman world Jesus was born in a Greco-Roman world
Greco-Roman world refers to the areas conquered by Rome but influenced by Greek culture
Most Jews during this time spoke Greek only.
Hebrew Scriptures were translated to Greek.
This translation was called Septuagint
Jews did not know how to read Hebrew

5. The Greco-Roman influence on Judeans
Hellenism influenced Judeans in the following ways:
Greek philosophy
Greek education – body and mind (gymnasium)
In German, the term “gymnasium” is used for educational institutions
Greek religion
God and goddess worship (animal and grain sacrifices, rituals and feasts)
Greek culture
Social customs (women and men often dined separately)

6. State Religion Romans required obedience to the State Religion
Refers to the worship of the Roman gods and emperors
Public sacrifices were not just to Roman gods and goddesses; they were a sign of loyalty to the State and the Emperor.
Anyone who did not do so was considered a traitor
Concentrated on order in society and in the cosmos, but did not give meaning or purpose to life

7. Roman religious practices and their impact on the Judeans
Romans believed that polytheism provided some answers to life’s questions of why things don’t go as people want them to:
the gods are dysfunctional!
People need to please them and if the gods aren’t happy – smite.
Judaism offered an alternative – an entirely good God, and just One, at that.
Thus, Judaism was in direct conflict with Greco-Roman polytheism.

8. Mystery religions
Since the State Religion did not provide a spiritual aspect to the people, the practice of mystery religions was allowed.
Common during the 1st century
Kept their rituals secret, revealing them only to people who initiated into the religion
Provided the kind of emotional connection to divinity that Roman state religion had no interest in providing

9. Characteristics of mystery religions
Characteristics of a mystery cult included:
An initiation
Baptism
Secret rituals
Secret knowledge
A god, often foreign, who
Had died but resurrected or reincarnated
Or had gone to the underworld and come up again
Followers would also overcome death and find new life in the community of believers and their god

10. Roman religious practices and their impact on the Judeans
Mithraism was one of the most popular mystery religions
Mithraism
Had a Persian god, Mithra
Initiates were baptized
Bread and wine was ritually shared
Mithra had a miraculous birth celebrated on the Roman equivalent of Dec. 25
Shepherds brought gifts to the newborn god
Christianity was considered a mystery religion by the Romans early on

11. Roman religious practices and their impact on the Judeans
For the most part, the Romans let the Jews practice their religion.
The Romans respected the fact that the Jews had an ancient Holy Book and that their religion was already 1,000 yrs. old.
Therefore, Jews were exempt from being required to publically offer sacrifices to Greco-Roman gods

12. Jesus is born Jesus was born and grew up in the Greco-Roman world
During Jesus’ time:
2nd temple is being rebuild
Still had priests
Animal sacrifices to God
Pilgrimage to Temple in Jerusalem
Synagogues are established
were places for the reading and preaching of scripture
Judaism was full of groups:
Interpretation of the Law
Desire to kick the Romans out of their land
There were four main groups
1. Sadducees, 2. Pharisees, Zealots and 4. Essenes

13. Jesus’ movement: Background of the 12
In this Greco-Roman world, Jesus formed a community of disciples to preach the KoG
Disciples = followers
Were not wealthy or powerful
John was a member of the priestly class
But most of the twelve were members of the working class and not leaders
Peter and Andrew were fishermen
Middle-class occupation
Matthew was a tax collector
Working for the Roman government
Some of the disciples had some education and others were illiterate

14. Death of Jesus: Why did he die?
Members of the Sanhedrin feared that Jesus’ followers would try to proclaim him the Messiah
The King who would throw off the yoke of Roman rule
Could provoke a Roman crackdown on Judea
The Sanhedrin denounced Jesus to the Roman governor -Pilate
Who had Jesus executed for treason
For claiming to be the “King of the Jews”
The Romans simply put to death a troublemaker who could potentially threaten their rule

15. Fear
After Jesus’ crucifixion and burial, his followers were devastated.
Lost their beloved teacher
Felt the fear of being a known associate of someone executed as a criminal
They were hiding
Fear led Peter to deny Jesus three times