1. JY Tsao ∙ Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in S&T Evolution ∙ 2006 July 12 Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in Science and Technology Evolution Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Security Administration under Contract DE-AC04-94AL85000. Jeff Tsao Sandia National Laboratories Growth of SSL S&T: 1976-2005 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 19701980199020002010 Year Number of Articles or Patents Organic US Patents (2,766) Articles (9,534) Inorganic US Patents (9,104) Articles (10,548) Growth of S&T (1976-2004): Electroluminescent Materials & Phenomena 10-15%/yr 20-30%/yr

2. JY Tsao ∙ Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in S&T Evolution ∙ 2006 July 12 Driving Forces for Science & Technology Evolution A1A1 A2A2 A3A3 A4A4 Science & Technology Applications

3. JY Tsao ∙ Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in S&T Evolution ∙ 2006 July 12 Extrinsic Applications Drivers for SSL S&T

4. JY Tsao ∙ Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in S&T Evolution ∙ 2006 July 12 General Illumination Drivers for SSL S&T

5. JY Tsao ∙ Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in S&T Evolution ∙ 2006 July 12 Cost of Light Evolution Cost of Operating Capital Light Cost Cost Electricity Luminous Efficacy Power Delivery Cost Lifetime Mainte- nance Cost = +

6. JY Tsao ∙ Solid-State Lighting: A Case Study in S&T Evolution ∙ 2006 July 12 Summary Science & Technology Applications CRI CoL $/W in lm/W in lm/W Traffic Signals LCD Backlights General Illumination General Illumination Market (profit) Non-market (energy savings) Driver