1. Biosecurity Routes of Disease Transmission

2. Disease Transmission ●Spread of disease – Animal to animal – Environment – Human to animal – Animal to human  Zoonotic Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

3. Disease Transmission ●Direct – Contact – Ingestion – Aerosol ●Indirect – Fomites  Inanimate objects – Vectors  Living organism (e.g., insects) Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

4. Direct Contact Transmission ●Direct contact – Susceptible animal comes in contact with infected animal – Body fluids  Urine, feces  Saliva  Blood, milk – Tissues  Lesions  Carcass – Breeding – Mother-to-offspring Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

5. Aerosol Transmission ●Disease agents contained in droplets – Pass through air ●Most agents not stable in droplets ●Close proximity required – Enclosed barns – Coughing, sneezing – Contaminated soil  Birthing tissues  Feces, urine Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

6. Oral Transmission Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission ●Ingestion of contaminated feed or water – Feces, urine – Saliva – Milk ●Licking/chewing contaminated environment ●Shared feed or water sources

7. Fomite Transmission ●Contaminated inanimate object ●Carries pathogens to other animals – Needles, balling guns – Buckets – Bedding, shovels – Vehicles, trailers – Humans, clothing Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

8. Vector Transmission ●Living organism transfers disease between animals – Mosquitoes – Ticks – Biting midges – Flies ●Acquires pathogen from one animal ●Transmits to another animal Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

9. Points to Keep in Mind ●Animals may not show obvious signs of disease ●Not all pathogens spread by all routes of transmission ● Persistence in environment  Soil, manure, water Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

10. Prevention ●Isolation/quarantine – Increase distance between sick and well animals ●Cleaning and disinfection – Keep environment clean, dry – Keep feed and water clean – Keep equipment clean ●Vector Control Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

11. Prevention ●Adequate ventilation – Provide fresh air to all animals – Decrease humidity and odor build up ●Control dust – Wear masks in certain situations Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

12. Personal Protective Equipment ●Hand washing ●Gloves – Creates a barrier between you and the disease – Especially for hands with cuts, abrasions, or chapped – Wash hands after removing gloves ●Coveralls, boots ●Mask, goggles Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

13. Vector Control ●Source reduction – Habitat reduction/elimination – Parasitic or predatory insects ●Control adults – Insecticides  Knockdown and residual sprays  Baits, fly traps ●Minimize interaction with insects – Sheltering of animals Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

14. Biosecurity and Routes Route of Transmission Possible Biosecurity Measures Direct ContactIsolation of infected animals; personal protective equipment FomitesCleaning and disinfection procedures; personal protective equipment AerosolIsolation of infected animals; personal protective equipment IngestionCleaning and disinfection procedures Vectors (e.g., insects) Pest management procedures Just In Time Training Biosecurity: Disease Transmission

15. Acknowledgments Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from the Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture Author: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM