1. Principles of Biomechanical Analysis PSE4U

2. Review of Biomechanics  The Laws of Motion  1 st – Law of Inertia  2 nd – Law of Acceleration  3 rd – Law of Reaction

3.  Types of Motion  Linear  Movement in a particular direction  Sprinter accelerating down a track  Rotational  Movement about an axis  What are the three axis’?  Longitudinal, anterio-posterior, horizontal  Ice skater spinning or a gymnastic somersault

4.  Linear Motion  Acceleration in a straight line  Force as a vector  Force as a pull or push of a certain magnitude in a certain direction

5.  Rotational Motion  Is comparable to linear motion but the object spins around an axis  Acceleration is angular  Torque is measured rather than force  Moment of inertia  Resistance to rotation  Larger the moment of inertia, the larger the moment of force needed to maintain the same angular acceleration

6. Linear and Rotational Motion Linear MotionRotational Motion DisplacementAngular Displacement VelocityAngular Velocity AccelerationAngular Acceleration ForceMoment of Force (torque) MassMoment of Inertia

7. Ice Skating The ice-skater begins to spin with arms spread apart then suddenly brings them closer to the body. The end result of tightening up is that the skater’s spin (angular velocity) increases, seemingly miraculously

8. Gymnastics Following a series of rapid somersaults in a tight position, the gymnast does a forward flip with the body positioned more or less straight. By opening up, the gymnast increases the moment of inertia, thereby resulting in a decrease in angular velocity

9. Diving After leaving the high diving board, the diver curls tightly and then opens up just before entering the water. By opening up before entry, the diver increases the moment of inertia, thereby slowing down the angular velocity and hopefully ensuring a smooth and safe entry.

10. The Lever Systems  Class I Lever  Class II Lever  Class III Lever

11.  The fulcrum (axis) is located between the force (effort) and the resistance (load) Class I Lever (e.g. teeter-totter)

12.  The resistance is between the fulcrum and the resistance Class II Lever (e.g. wheelbarrow)

13.  The force is between the fulcrum and the resistance Class III Lever (e.g. snow shovel)

14. Seven Principles of Biomechanical Analysis 1. Stability 2. Maximum force 3. Maximum velocity 4. Impulse 5. Reaction 6. Torque 7. Angular momentum

15.  The lower the centre of mass, the larger the base of support, the closer the centre of mass to the base of support, and the greater the mass, the more stability increases. Principle 1 – Stability

16. Stability is also Affected By:  Collisions  The Surface  Friction  Angle  Inner Ear  Sight  Readiness

17. Increasing Stability 1. Lower the C of G 2. Increase the mass 3. Increase the size of the base of support - The further the center of gravity (use the line dropped from it) is from the edge of the base of support, the more stable the athlete is

18. Applications of Stability  What are points in sports you play that you use maximum force?  What are points in your day to day life that you use maximum force?  Are there times when it is ok to be unstable?

19. Principle 2:  The production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the task’s objective

20. Principle 3:  The production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order – from largest to smallest

21. Principle 4:  The greater the applied impulse, the greater the increase in velocity

22. Principle 5:  Movement usually occurs in the direction opposite that of the applied force

23. Principle 6:  Angular motion is produced by application of force acting at some distance from an axis, that is, by torque

24. Principle 7:  Angular momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air.

25. Free Body Diagrams  Free body diagrams, are a tool for solving problems with multiple forces acting on a single body.  The purpose of a free body diagram is to reduce the complexity of situation for easy analysis. The diagram is used as a starting point to develop a mathematical model of the forces acting on an object.  Below is a picture of a flying jet.

27. Equilibrium, Balance, & Stability  Equilibrium is the state of zero acceleration (static or dynamic)  Balance is the ability to control equilibrium  Stability is a resistance to the disturbance of equilibrium

28. Factors Influencing Balance 1. Location of the center of gravity in relation to the base of support 2. Size of the base of support 3. Mass of the person 4. Height of the center of gravity 5. Traction/friction 6. Sensory perceptions

29. Biomechanical Formulae Force  Force = m a – the force acting on an object  F=maThe BULL RUSHThe BULL RUSH  M = mass  A = acceleration  Race Car Example Race Car Example

30. Biomechanical Formulae Acceleration Acceleration = Change in Velocity ÷ Time  a = (v2-v1) ÷ t  where a = acceleration v2 = final velocity (the one it ended up with) v1 (u) = initial velocity (the one it started with) t = time  This equation can be rearranged.can be rearranged Example 1. If a car changes from 10 m/s to 30 m/s in 8 seconds, what is its acceleration?  v2 = 30 m/s v1 = 10 m/s t = 8 s  a = (30 - 10) ÷ 8 = 20 ÷ 8 = 2·5 m/s 2

31. Acceleration Example Example 2.  If a bicycle moving at 15 m/s takes 10 seconds to stop, what is its acceleration?  In this example, the final velocity is zero because the bicycle has stopped.  v2 = 0 m/s v1 = 15 m/s t = 10 s a = (0 - 15) ÷ 10 = -15 ÷ 10 = -1·5 m/s 2  The acceleration is negative because the bicycle has slowed down.acceleration is negative

32. Biomechanical Formulae Momentum  Momentum – product of the objects mass and it’s velocity (rate of speed)  P = m v  M = mass  V = velocity  A basketball ball having 2kg mass and 6m/s velocity moves to the east. What is it’s momentum?

33. Momentum Example  A child having mass 25kg and velocity 2m/s moves to the west. What is his momentum?

34. Biomechanical Formulae Impulse  Impulse (N/s) – product of a force applied over a time interval  I = F(t f -t i )  t f = final time  t i = initial time  What is the impulse imparted by a rocket that exerts 4.8 N for 1.63 seconds?  I = ?  F=4.8N  t f = 1.63s  t i = 0s  I = 4.8 * 1.63  = 7.824 or 7.8 Ns

35. Impulse Example  What force exerted over 6 seconds gives you an impulse of 64 Ns?  I = 64Ns  F= ?  t f = 6s  t i = 0s  64 = F (6-0)  = 64/6  =10.7 N

36. Biomechanical Formulae Impulse - Momentum  Impulse-Momentum Relationship – in order for an object to experience a change in momentum, an impulse must be applied  F(t f -t i ) = m(v2 – v1)  F = Force (N)  t f = final time  t i = initial time  M = mass  V2 = final velocity  V1 = initial velocity

37. Impulse-Momentum Example Hitting a pitched baseball. A baseball of mass 0.14 kg is pitched at a batter with an initial velocity of -38 m/s (negative is towards the bat). The bat applies an average force that is much greater than the weight of the ball, and the ball departs from the bat with a final velocity of +58 m/s. Assuming that the time of contact with the bat is 1.6 x 10-3 s, find the average force exerted on the ball by the bat.  F(t f -t i ) = m(v2 – v1)  F = ?  t f = 0.0016s  t i = 0 s  M = 0.14kg  V2 = 58 m/s  V1 = -38 m/s  F(t f -t i ) = (0.14)(58) - (0.14)(-38)  F(0.0016) = +13.44kg m/s  F = (13.44)/(0.0016)  = +8400 N

38. Applications in Biomechanics  Performance improvement  Coaches and athletes focused on “performance improvement” within the aspects of technique and sport training  Injury prevention and rehabilitation  High level of interest in biomechanics from sports medicine specialists, trainers, and injured athletes in relation to “injury prevention and rehabilitation”  Fitness and personal training  Biomechanical analysis can be applied both to exercise and to equipment

39. Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation  Progressive resistance training to improve muscular endurance, size, and tensile strength of both muscle and connective tissue can be integrated into the off- and pre- season schedule  Specific design of aerobic and muscular warm-up tailored to the activities planned for the workout will bring more injury prevention value to the session  All key muscles to be used must be stretched  Muscle imbalance needs to be addressed

40. Fitness and Personal Training  Biomechanical analysis begins by examining the method of execution of an exercise; such analyses enable one to give advice concerning:  The position of joints to isolate specific muscles  How to align the movement to the muscle  How to combine muscles for optimal results  The optimal speed for the objective  The best starting position and range of motion for an exercise  How to modify the leverage to gain a greater strength output

41. Your Task!  Read pages 230 – 234