1. Do It Yourself Workshop Agenda topic presentation Question and answer to panel & audience Open forum Sponsored by Oceanside Yacht Club & Oside Yachts

2. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems The Beast

3. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Topics Batteries Energy Source & Charging Systems Usage /monitoring

4. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Terms ◦ amps  Unit of current, i = q/t ◦ watt – power (force * velocity)  Amps * Volts ◦ Ohms law  V = I * R

5. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Batteries ◦ Types  flooded -- liquid sulfuric acid; when charged produces hydrogen (explosive) & oxygen; must have properly vented compartment; requires maintenance (replenish distilled water); can handle overcharging better than AGM & Gel; must be stored upright; do not manage vibration well; discharge at a rate of 6 to 7% per month; charge efficiency 0.85 due to internal resistance and heat production; are the least expensive battery type; can handle several hundred to a thousand cycles before needing to be replaced; MAX charge voltage 14.6 volts

6. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Batteries ◦ Flooded type -- classifications  Starting -- designed for large current draw for a very short period of time; lasting thousands of cycles at 2 - 5% discharge  Deep cycle – designed to be discharged down to as much as 80% time after time; solid lead plates vs sponge; best lifespan 50% discharge; golf karts  Marine – hybrid between starting and deep cycle;

7. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Batteries ◦ Types  AGM (absorbed glass mats) – maintenance free; discharge at a rate of about 3% per month; less internal resistance which allows them to recharge faster; charge efficiency 0.95 less heat produced; can be installed in nearly any position and are resistant to vibration damage; are the most expensive battery type; don’t last are many cycles as flooded; MAX charge voltage 14.6 volts  Gel – maintenance free; spill proof, submersible and leak proof; can handle a high number of cycles in their lifetime; medium priced battery; irreparably damaged if overcharged; charge efficiency 0.95; MAX charge voltage 14.1 volts

8. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Batteries ◦ Maintenance  Keep them clean, cool and dry  Clean terminals regularly to avoid a loss of conductivity (Ohm’s Law)  Important for flooded batteries because of released gases  Never leave batteries discharged for a long period of time  To increase longevity don’t discharge below 50% capacity (amps)  Never discharge batteries past 80%  Check battery cells with a hydrometer (flooded only) ◦ 6 volt vs 12 volt battery ◦ Multi-bank  Isolator/combiner

9. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Battery State -- no load State of Charge12 volt batteryvolts per cell 100%12.72.12 90%12.52.08 80%12.422.07 70%12.322.05 60%12.22.03 50%12.062.01 40%11.91.98 30%11.751.96 20%11.581.93 10%11.311.89 0%10.51.75 battery at rest for at least 3 hours for longest life batteries should stay in the green zone occasional dips into the yellow are not harmful but continual discharges considerably to this level with shorten battery life if you measure more than 0.2 voltage difference between each cell you need to equalize -- battery may sulfated 0.1 to 0.2 volts higher for AGM & GEL

10. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ 110 volt Chargers  Poorly insolated dock power can cause feed back thru non-isolated chargers – major electrolyze ◦ Alternators ◦ Solar ◦ Wind ◦ Generators ◦ other

11. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charge Systems ◦ Phases of charging a battery

12. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charging Systems ◦ 110 volt Charger  Compact form and low weight-to-out ratio  Battery temperature sensor  Auto shutdown feature that shuts down charger when temperature get to high  Which charger ???  What capacity – 20, 40, 60 amps  Number of battery banks  25% of bank capacity – flooded  50% of bank capacity -- AGM

13. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charging Systems ◦ 110 volt Charger/Inverter  What about Inverter  Modified Sine Wave (MSW) or Pure Sine Wave (PSW)  Powerful surge capability – some appliances need start up surge  Low electrical interference: High-frequency inverters frequently produce some EMI, or electromagnetic interference.

14. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charging Systems ◦ 110 volt Charger/Inverter  What about Inverter  capacity -- inverters have access to a battery bank that is 20% as large in amp-hours as the inverter size in watts. This means a 1000-watt inverter should be supported by at least 200Ah of battery capacity  Wattage remember --> watts = volts (115) * amps  Conversion efficiency ~.85% --- Inverter efficiency is a rating of how much of the DC energy gets converted into usable AC power

15. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charging Systems ◦ 110 volt Charger/Inverter  What about Inverter  200 watts AC uses 19 amps DC  (200 watts /.85) / 12.5 volts = 19 amps  Watts / volts = amps  Better to charge phone with Inverter than 12volt cord  Run small appliances (TV, coffee make, small drill)

16. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charging Systems ◦ Alternators  Standard automobile-style alternators employs a constant-rate internal voltage regulators that are really designed for flooded batteries  higher-capacity alternator and a Multi-stage external voltage regulator  the alternator’s rating should be equal to 25 percent (lead acid) 30 percent (gel) or 45 percent (AGM) of your total battery capacity.

17. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Charging Systems ◦ Alternators  alternator depends on mounting style & belt load limitations  What to look for:  Safety  Heavy-duty construction  Temperature compensation  Wiring and fusing  Cost ~ $1000 - $1500

18. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ Solar  Photovoltaic Solar Panel types (silicon dioxide)  Monocrystalline – single crystal of silicon thinly sliced for purity (13 to 15 W/ft^2)  Polycrystalline – numerous smaller crystals which are less pure and efficient; cheaper and simpler to produce (11 to 12 W/ft^2)  Amorphous -- thin film Silicon; only about 50% as efficient as Polycrystalline; mostly used in flexible forms

19. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ Solar  panels efficiency affected by  Installation  wiring; regulator/controller; mounting  Shadows/shading  Different light levels  Intensity (% of full sun) Power Output Full Sun Panel square to the sun 100% Full Sun—Panel at 45° angle to Sun 71% Light overcast 60 - 80% Heavy overcast 20 - 30 %

20. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ Solar  Regulator/controller – provide several levels of protection to a solar circuit  Overcharge  Temperature  Battery type regulation  Reverse discharge (diode)  Accidental short circuit  Reverse-polarity

21. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ Solar  Regulator/controller – boost power input  Pulse Width Modulation (RWM)  Multiple Point Power Tracking (MPPT)  Get Regulator with spare capacity – giving you the ability to add panels  Check panel rating – remember you need 14 volts to push amps into a 12 volt battery; controller will manage voltage  Cost ~ $1500 - $2000  How many hours of the rated panel output can you get per day ? 3 or 4 – 4.8 “industry standard”

22. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ Wind  Questions  Marine vs non-marine  Noise – newer models quieter  Amp output curve  Installation  Weight & wind loading  Wiring  Regulator/controller  Safety  Braking system  Cost ~$2000 - $2500

23. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Energy Sources / Charging Systems ◦ Generators  Power factors and generators : The charger in an inverter/charger presents a large, inductive load for a small generator (under 8kW). Chargers with a high “power factor” are desirable because they are less sensitive to peak voltage and need less AC power. Xantrex recommends that a generator be sized at 2.5 times the power draw of the charger.  Will a Honda 2000 W work for you?  Cost – all over the map  Question – are you a 110 or a 12 volt boat ????

24. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Usage and Monitoring ◦ Electrical Budget  See example  have 3-4 times your daily energy consumption in battery capacity – more importantly you need to evaluate you daily energy usage which includes loads and energy sources.  Say I use 65 amps per day. I might need a battery capacity of 260 AH but in two days I will drain my batteries down 50% -- OK ???

25. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Usage and Monitoring ◦ Electrical Budget  I use 65 amps per day. I want 3 days of battery usage 65 * 3 = 195 AH thus I need a battery capacity of 390 AH which will discharge my bank 50%  Play you own game  You need to determine how long it will take to replenish you battery banks  Engine, generator, solar, wind, ???

26. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Usage and Monitoring ◦ Energy Monitor  Selectively displays  Voltage (primary & secondary bank/battery)  charge and discharge current  consumed AH  remaining battery capacity and the time remaining of your battery bank.

27. Do It Yourself Workshop 12 Volt Systems Question and answer to panel & audience Open forum