1. Chapter 8
Cell Reproduction

2. In a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that is made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
Chromosome

3. A type of protein molecule found in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells
Histone

4. One of the two strands of a chromosome that become visible during meiosis or mitosis
Chromatid

5. The region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
Centromere

6. The material that makes up both mitotic and interphase chromosomes; a complex of proteins and DNA strands that are loosely coiled such that translation and transcription can occur
Chromatin

7. One of the pair of chromosomes that determines the sex of an individual XX = Female XY = Male
Sex chromosome

8. Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Autosome

9. Homologous chromosome
Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structure, and that pair during meiosis
Homologous chromosome

10. A micrograph of the array of chromosomes visible in a cell during metaphase; a graphical display that shows an individual’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs and in order of diminishing size
Karyotype

11. A cell that contains two haploid sets of chromosomes
Diploid

12. Describes a cell, nucleus, or organism that has only one set of unpaired chromosomes
Haploid

13. A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Binary Fission

14. In eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration, which produces ATP
Mitosis

15. Reproduction that does not involve the union of games and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent
Asexual Reproduction

16. A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells (gametes or spores)
Meiosis

17. A haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote
Gamete

18. A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows, copies its DNA, and synthesizes proteins
Interphase

19. The division of the cytoplasm of a cell; cytokinesis follows the division of the cell’s nucleus by mitosis or meiosis
Cytokinesis

20. The first stage of mitosis and meiosis in cell division; characterized by the condensation of the chromosomes and the dissolution of the nuclear envelope
Prophase

21. One of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes
Spindle fiber

22. One of the stages of mitosis and meiosis, during which all of the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator
Metaphase

23. A phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate
Anaphase

24. The final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes
Telophase

25. The precursor of a new plant cell wall that forms during cell division and divides a cell into two
Cell Plate

26. The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
Synapsis

27. The four chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes that come together as a result of synapsis during meiosis
Tetrad

28. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis; can result in genetic recombination
Crossing-over

29. Genetic Recombination
The regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents
Genetic Recombination

30. Independent Assortment
The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes
Independent Assortment

31. The process by which male gametes form
Spermatogenesis

32. The production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
Oogenesis

33. Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends
Polar body

34. Reproduction in which gametes from two parents unite
Sexual Reproduction